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Gregorovičová M, Černíková A. Reactions of green lizards (Lacerta viridis) to major repellent compounds secreted by Graphosoma lineatum (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). ZOOLOGY 2015; 118:176-82. [PMID: 25869384 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The chemical defence of Heteroptera is primarily based on repellent secretions which signal the potential toxicity of the bug to its predators. We tested the aversive reactions of green lizards (Lacerta viridis) towards the major compounds of the defensive secretion of Graphosoma lineatum, specifically: (i) a mixture of three aldehydes: (E)-hex-2-enal, (E)-oct-2-enal, (E)-dec-2-enal; (ii) a mixture of these three aldehydes and tridecane; (iii) oxoaldehyde: (E)-4-oxohex-2-enal; (iv) secretion extracted from metathoracic scent glands of G. lineatum adults and (v) hexane as a non-polar solvent. All chemicals were presented on a palatable food (Tenebrio molitor larvae). The aversive reactions of the green lizards towards the mealworms were evaluated by observing the approach latencies, attack latencies and approach-attack intervals. The green lizards exhibited a strong aversive reaction to the mixture of three aldehydes. Tridecane reduced the aversive reaction to the aldehyde mixture. Oxoaldehyde caused the weakest, but still significant, aversive reaction. The secretion from whole metathoracic scent glands also clearly had an aversive effect on the green lizards. Moreover, when a living specimen of G. lineatum or Pyrrhocoris apterus (another aposematic red-and-black prey) was presented to the green lizards before the trials with the aldehyde mixture, the aversive effect of the mixture was enhanced. In conclusion, the mixture of three aldehydes had the strong aversive effect and could signal the potential toxicity of G. lineatum to the green lizards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gregorovičová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Alena Černíková
- Institute of Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
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Li B, Belasen A, Pafilis P, Bednekoff P, Foufopoulos J. Effects of feral cats on the evolution of anti-predator behaviours in island reptiles: insights from an ancient introduction. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:20140339. [PMID: 24943365 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exotic predators have driven the extinction of many island species. We examined impacts of feral cats on the abundance and anti-predator behaviours of Aegean wall lizards in the Cyclades (Greece), where cats were introduced thousands of years ago. We compared populations with high and low cat density on Naxos Island and populations on surrounding islets with no cats. Cats reduced wall lizard populations by half. Lizards facing greater risk from cats stayed closer to refuges, were more likely to shed their tails in a standardized assay, and fled at greater distances when approached by either a person in the field or a mounted cat decoy in the laboratory. All populations showed phenotypic plasticity in flight initiation distance, suggesting that this feature is ancient and could have helped wall lizards survive the initial introduction of cats to the region. Lizards from islets sought shelter less frequently and often initially approached the cat decoy. These differences reflect changes since islet isolation and could render islet lizards strongly susceptible to cat predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Li
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Anat Belasen
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Panayiotis Pafilis
- Section of Zoology and Marine Biology, Department of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Peter Bednekoff
- Department of Biology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA
| | - Johannes Foufopoulos
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Burridge CP, Brown WE, Wadley J, Nankervis DL, Olivier L, Gardner MG, Hull C, Barbour R, Austin JJ. Did postglacial sea-level changes initiate the evolutionary divergence of a Tasmanian endemic raptor from its mainland relative? Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20132448. [PMID: 24174114 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations on continental islands are often distinguishable from mainland conspecifics with respect to body size, appearance, behaviour or life history, and this is often congruent with genetic patterns. It is commonly assumed that such differences developed following the complete isolation of populations by sea-level rise following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). However, population divergence may predate the LGM, or marine dispersal and colonization of islands may have occurred more recently; in both cases, populations may have also diverged despite ongoing gene flow. Here, we test these alternative hypotheses for the divergence between wedge-tailed eagles from mainland Australia (Aquila audax audax) and the threatened Tasmanian subspecies (Aquila audax fleayi), based on variation at 20 microsatellite loci and mtDNA. Coalescent analyses indicate that population divergence appreciably postdates the severance of terrestrial habitat continuity and occurred without any subsequent gene flow. We infer a recent colonization of Tasmania by marine dispersal and cannot discount founder effects as the cause of differences in body size and life history. We call into question the general assumption of post-LGM marine transgression as the initiator of divergence of terrestrial lineages on continental islands and adjacent mainland, and highlight the range of alternative scenarios that should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Burridge
- School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, , Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia, Department of Primary Industry, Parks, Water and Environment, , Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia, Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, , North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia, School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, , GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia, Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, , North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia, Hydro Tasmania, , GPO Box 355, Hobart 7001, Australia, Sciences Department, Museum Victoria, , Carlton Gardens, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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Gabirot M, Castilla AM, López P, Martín J. Differences in chemical signals may explain species recognition between an island lizard, Podarcis atrata, and related mainland lizards, P. hispanica. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Vidal MA, Sabat P. Stable isotopes document mainland–island divergence in resource use without concomitant physiological changes in the lizard Liolaemus pictus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 156:61-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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