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Abstract
BACKGROUND A unified model of human motivation has been recently introduced that integrates all prior "mini-theories" of motivation into a single, symmetrical model based on first principles: four life domains crossed by three levels of attainment, resulting in 12 discrete motivations. Evidence from a series of studies using a novel image-based method is used to test structural hypotheses derived from a unified model of human motivation. METHOD The studies employ large samples (810n to 986n) of working adults who conducted a time-constrained image-based exercise to measure the relative presence or absence of different emotional needs. RESULTS These studies provide support for the theoretical model, suggesting that there is substantial heuristic and practical value in a structured framework of motivating needs. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that our theoretical model reflects deep interrelationships between discrete types of human motivation, and by linking specific measures to a comprehensive model of human motivation, researchers can have confidence that they have adequately measured the motivation construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Pincus
- Employee Benefit Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20024, USA.
- Research and Development Department, Leading Indicator Systems, One Franklin Street, Boston, MA, 02110, USA.
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2
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Handrito RP, Slabbinck H, Vanderstraeten J. Stuck in short-term, daily operations, or not?: Unraveling SME's long-term orientation. SMALL BUSINESS ECONOMICS 2023; 61:1-23. [PMID: 38625188 PMCID: PMC10037389 DOI: 10.1007/s11187-023-00748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Long-term orientation (LTO) is an essential strategic option for firms to shape their future success, in particular for SMEs which are often submerged by daily operations. Surprisingly, little is known about the underlying personal and contextual drivers of LTO in an SME context. To unravel why some SME entrepreneurs adopt an LTO, while others seem to be stuck in short term and daily operations, we consider the (interacting) impact of both personal and contextual drivers. We carefully select well known drivers for their impact on various other aspects of SME's LTO: Need for achievement, as a personal driver, and the entrepreneur's perception of the institutional entrepreneurial support (PIES), as a contextual driver. The latter consists of a regulative, normative and cognitive institutional dimension. Based on a study on 176 SMEs in an emerging country, Indonesia, we confirm that both personal as well as contextual drivers individually and interactively impact an SME's LTO. Specifically, when highly achievement motivated entrepreneurs perceive that institutional regulations support entrepreneurial activities, they tend to adopt a higher level of LTO. We discuss implications for SMEs and policy makers, and provide suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radityo Putro Handrito
- Department of Marketing, Innovation, and Organization, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Management, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Hendrik Slabbinck
- Department of Marketing, Innovation, and Organization, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johanna Vanderstraeten
- Department of Management, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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3
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Rahamim O, Azoulay R, Keshet H, Shahar G, Gilboa-Schechtman E. Apprehensions and Aspirations in Social Anxiety and Depression. Int J Cogn Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41811-022-00150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Tan SH, Liem GAD, Ramos RL, Elliot AJ, Nie Y, Pang JS. Goal complexes: Integrating achievement goals as standards and self-attributed motives as reasons underlying goal pursuit. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-022-09699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Malekzad F, Jais M, Hernandez G, Kehr H, Quirin M. Not self-aware? Psychological antecedents and consequences of alienating from one’s actual motives, emotions, and goals. THEORY & PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09593543221086598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Philosophers and scientists have been puzzling over the potential antecedents and consequences of self-awareness or its relative absence since time immemorial. One major reason is the difficulty of identifying individuals’ actual needs, emotions, or goals and thus making statements about their level of self-awareness. Drawing on a “duality of mind” approach, we review our research that quantified discrepancies between first-person perspective and third-person perspective assessments of motives (“needs”), emotions, and goals as indicators of relative self-awareness. Also, we expand on their proximal causes related to personality–situation interactions and their emotional and motivational consequences. We discuss similarities among the three branches of research on motives, emotions, and goals and, lastly, provide an outlook for future research.
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Motivated but not engaged: The implicit achievement motive requires difficult or unclear task difficulty conditions to exert an impact on effort. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Schultheiss OC. Commentary: Discrepancies Between Explicit Feelings of Power and Implicit Power Motives Are Related to Anxiety in Women With Anorexia Nervosa. Front Psychol 2021; 12:670436. [PMID: 34113298 PMCID: PMC8186548 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.670436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Jenkins SR, Fondren AH, Herrington RS. Interpersonal Decentering and Interpersonal Problems: Testing the Multi-Method Utility of Person-Situation Interactions in Thematic Apperception Tests. J Pers Assess 2021; 104:320-334. [PMID: 34037514 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2021.1919127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mature interpersonal decentering is a form of social cognitive role-taking involving reflective thought about one's interpersonal relationships. Previous research examining main effects for persons, card situation content, story content, and person-card interactions found more mature decentering in stories about heterosexual romantic-pull Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) cards (HRC) as compared with stories about nonromantic cards (NRC). To see whether differences in means corresponded to differential criterion validity, this multi-method study examined Inventory of Interpersonal Problems circumplex (IIP-C) scores associated with young adults' decentering maturity and deficits, comparing correlations with IIP-C scores of decentering scores calculated from HRC versus NRC. Similarly, to test the effect of story content, IIP-C scores were correlated with decentering scores calculated from stories having romantic versus nonromantic story content. Using circumplex statistical tests, decentering deficits were associated with domineering/vindictive interpersonal problems, and mature decentering with nonassertive/exploitable problems. Men who reported more exploitable problems decentered more maturely across all situations. Women who decentered more maturely in response to HRC reported more socially avoidant problems, whereas those who decentered more maturely to NRC reported more exploitable problems. Results for romantic versus nonromantic story content were largely uninterpretable (did not meet circumplexity assumption). Findings might assist clinicians' card selection.
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Weineck F, Schultchen D, Dunker F, Hauke G, Lachenmeir K, Schnebel A, Karačić M, Meule A, Voderholzer U, Pollatos O. Discrepancies Between Explicit Feelings of Power and Implicit Power Motives Are Related to Anxiety in Women With Anorexia Nervosa. Front Psychol 2021; 11:618650. [PMID: 33633629 PMCID: PMC7901641 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.618650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies identified low subjective feelings of power in women with anorexia nervosa (AN). However, little is known about implicit power motives and the discrepancy between explicit feelings of power and implicit power motives in AN. Aim The study investigated the discrepancy between explicit feelings of power and implicit power motives and its relationship to anxiety in patients with AN. Method Fifty-three outpatients and inpatients with AN and 48 participants without AN were compared regarding subjective feelings of power and anxiety. Explicit power [investigated with the Personal Sense of Power Scale (trait focus) and a visual analog scale (state focus)], implicit power motives [investigated with the Multi-Motive Grid (MMG)] and trait anxiety [measured with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)], were assessed. Results Explicit feelings of power (state and trait level) were lower in patients with AN compared to non-AN participants. No differences in implicit power motives were found when comparing the groups against each other. However, looking at the groups separately, women with AN had similar levels of implicit fear of losing power and hope for power, whereas woman without AN had significantly lower fear of losing power than hope for power. Focusing on discrepancies between powerful feelings and power motives, results were mixed, depending on the subscale of the MMG. Lastly, discrepancies between implicit power motives and explicit feelings of power were positively correlated with trait anxiety in AN patients. Conclusion These findings underline that individuals with AN display significantly lower explicit feelings of power, however, they show similar implicit power motives compared to individuals without AN. The discrepancy between explicit feelings of power and implicit power motives is related to anxiety in AN and may represent a vulnerability factor to illness maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Weineck
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dana Schultchen
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Freya Dunker
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gernot Hauke
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karin Lachenmeir
- Treatment Center for Eating Disorders, Dritter Orden Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Adrian Meule
- Schön Klinik Roseneck, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Voderholzer
- Schön Klinik Roseneck, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga Pollatos
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Interpersonal motivations in social anxiety: Weakened approach and intensified avoidance motivations for affiliation and social-rank. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hess U. Who to whom and why: The social nature of emotional mimicry. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13675. [PMID: 32915999 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this manuscript is to provide support for the notion that emotional mimicry is a social act. For this, I will provide a brief overview of recent developments in the domain of emotional mimicry research. I will present the mimicry in social context model of mimicry and evidence for four predictions that set this theory apart. Specifically, based on a review of the literature on emotional mimicry, I conclude that we do not mimic the specific muscle movements we observe, but rather we mimic what we infer from these movements. Furthermore, emotional mimicry only occurs when the expresser and observer share the intention to affiliate. Hence, we are less likely to mimic strangers and do not mimic people we do not like. Interactions in which affiliative mimicry occurs are perceived as more positive, but interactions in which mimicry is antagonistic as more negative. This supports the three social functions proposed here: Affiliation, Emotional understanding, and Social regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Hess
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Slabbinck H, De Houwer J, Van Kenhove P. Convergent, Discriminant, and Incremental Validity of the Pictorial Attitude Implicit Association Test and the Picture Story Exercise as Measures of the Implicit Power Motive. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Pictorial Attitude Implicit Association Test (PA–IAT) has recently been proposed as new measure of implicit motives. We report a study that provides the first evidence for the convergent validity of the PA–IAT by showing that the PA–IAT correlates significantly with a standard measure of implicit motives [i.e. the Picture Story Exercise (PSE)]. Discriminant validity of the PA–IAT was verified in the sense that the PA–IAT shared virtually no common variance with explicit motive measures. Our analyses revealed that the PA–IAT and PSE can best be conceived as related but distinct measures. We further showed that the PA–IAT had incremental validity in predicting performance on a memory recall task over and above the PSE. In general, our results confirm that the PA–IAT is a valid measure of implicit motives and can serve as valid alternative to the PSE. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Slabbinck H, De Houwer J, Van Kenhove P. A pictorial Attitude IAT as a Measure of Implicit Motives. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that a pictorial attitude variant of the Implicit Association Test (PA–IAT) is a valid measure of implicit motives. The PA–IAT aims to capture attitudes towards pictures that are related to implicit motives. In the first two studies, we showed that the pictorial attitude Implicit Association Test (IAT) correlated more highly with non–IAT measures of implicit motives than other IAT variants. In the third study, we established the validity of the PA–IAT experimentally and showed that the pictorial attitude IAT correlated with non–declarative behavioural measures only if implicit motives were aroused. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Dunlop WL, Wilkinson D, Harake N, Graham LE, Lee D. The redemption and contamination research form: exploring relations with narrative identity, personality traits, response styles, and life satisfaction. Memory 2020; 28:1219-1230. [PMID: 33023390 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2020.1828926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Narrative identity is typically assessed by collecting participants' autobiographical scenes and then coding these stories for themes including redemption (negative beginning, positive ending) and contamination (positive beginning, negative ending). Complimenting this approach, we introduce a self-report measure capturing the degree to which individuals explicitly view their lives and social worlds in redemptive and contaminated ways - the Redemption and Contamination Research Form (RCRF). In Studies 1 and 2, participants completed the RCRF and a measure of life satisfaction. In Study 2, participants also provided three autobiographical scenes, later coded for redemption and contamination. Across studies, our novel self-rated redemptive mindset variable corresponded positively with life satisfaction and, in Study 2, the redemption present in scenes. Relations remained significant after considering several covariates (e.g., traits, response styles). These results, which illustrate the utility of self-rated redemptive mindsets, carry implications for the multi-method assessment of constructs indigenous to narrative identity.
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Müller F, Cañal-Bruland R. Interindividual differences in incentive sensitivity moderate motivational effects of competition and cooperation on motor performance. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237607. [PMID: 32946448 PMCID: PMC7500601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Established research has documented the pervasive influence of incentives (i.e., food, sex, money) on animal and human behavior. Additionally, motivational theories postulating intra–individually stable preferences for specific types of incentives (i.e., motives) highlight that effects of a given incentive are highly dependent on the motive disposition of the individual. Indeed, also research on motor performance has documented the interactive effects of motives and motive–specific incentives on motor outcomes. However, the majority of this research has relied on correlational designs focusing on the effects of the achievement motive, with few studies addressing the role of the affiliation and power motive. In order to extend findings in this domain, we tested whether a fit between individuals’ power (affiliation) motive and incentives of competition (cooperation) would improve motor performance. Following baseline measures, participants performed a dart–throwing task as part of a dyadic performance (i.e., cooperative) or a one–on–one competition scenario. In the dyadic performance scenario, a stronger affiliation motive did not translate to better performance. However, in the one–on–one competition scenario a stronger power motive was associated with better performance. Results highlight the role of the power motive in predicting motor performance, particularly in competitive situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Müller
- Department for the Psychology of Human Movement and Sport, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Rouwen Cañal-Bruland
- Department for the Psychology of Human Movement and Sport, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Slabbinck H, Van Witteloostuijn A. Explicit and Implicit Basic Human Motives, and Public Service Motivation. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1542. [PMID: 32695057 PMCID: PMC7339828 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article contributes to the literature on the roots of Public Service Motivation (PSM) by turning to the psychological theory of basic human motives. The study explores the differential associations of explicit and implicit basic human motives with PSM, Attraction to Policy-Making (APM), Commitment to the Public Interest (CPI), Compassion (COM), and Self-Sacrifice (SS). Methodologically, the research contributes to the literature by introducing a measurement instrument new to Public Administration: the Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT). The BIAT is an easy-to-use and flexible tool to probe into the human unconsciousness, offering ample opportunities for further research in Public Administration and Management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Slabbinck
- Department of Marketing, Innovation and Organisation, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arjen Van Witteloostuijn
- School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Antwerp Management School, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Management, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Schütz LM, Schultheiss OC. Implicit Motives, Laterality, Sports Participation and Competition in Gymnasts. Front Psychol 2020; 11:900. [PMID: 32528356 PMCID: PMC7265554 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The implicit motivational needs for power, achievement, and affiliation are relevant for sports performance. Due to their hypothesized association with functions of the right hemisphere (McClelland, 1986), they may influence lateralized perceptual and motor processes. And due to their interactions with motive-specific incentives, they may influence performance conditional on the presence of suitable incentives. This preregistered study, conducted mostly online, examines motivational needs using a standard picture-story exercise (PSE) and their associations with indicators of perceptual and motor laterality and sports performance in gymnasts (N = 67). Further it explores how implicit motives interact with suitable motivational incentives in the prediction of sports performance. Results partly confirm a link between indicators of cerebral rightward laterality and implicit motives: the implicit affiliation and achievement motives are positively associated with an indicator of emotional-perceptional laterality (chimeric-faces task), but not with an indicator of motor laterality (turning bias). Moreover, the implicit achievement motive was positively correlated with training hours. The implicit affiliation motive was negatively associated with the highest attained competition level. The presence of achievement incentives (perceived control, failure) and affiliation incentives (training together or alone) did not interact with corresponding motives to predict sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Marie Schütz
- Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver C. Schultheiss
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich–Alexander University Erlangen–Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Schönbrodt FD, Hagemeyer B, Brandstätter V, Czikmantori T, Gröpel P, Hennecke M, Israel LSF, Janson KT, Kemper N, Köllner MG, Kopp PM, Mojzisch A, Müller-Hotop R, Prüfer J, Quirin M, Scheidemann B, Schiestel L, Schulz-Hardt S, Sust LNN, Zygar-Hoffmann C, Schultheiss OC. Measuring Implicit Motives with the Picture Story Exercise (PSE): Databases of Expert-Coded German Stories, Pictures, and Updated Picture Norms. J Pers Assess 2020; 103:392-405. [PMID: 32207995 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2020.1726936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We present two openly accessible databases related to the assessment of implicit motives using Picture Story Exercises (PSEs): (a) A database of 183,415 German sentences, nested in 26,389 stories provided by 4,570 participants, which have been coded by experts using Winter's coding system for the implicit affiliation/intimacy, achievement, and power motives, and (b) a database of 54 classic and new pictures which have been used as PSE stimuli. Updated picture norms are provided which can be used to select appropriate pictures for PSE applications. Based on an analysis of the relations between raw motive scores, word count, and sentence count, we give recommendations on how to control motive scores for story length, and validate the recommendation with a meta-analysis on gender differences in the implicit affiliation motive that replicates existing findings. We discuss to what extent the guiding principles of the story length correction can be generalized to other content coding systems for narrative material. Several potential applications of the databases are discussed, including (un)supervised machine learning of text content, psychometrics, and better reproducibility of PSE research.
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Zajenkowska A, Rajchert J, Macianowicz O, Holas P, Murawic S. Cognitive-Behavioral (CBT) and Psychodynamic (PDT) Group Psychotherapy and Their Impact on Depressive Symptoms and Hostile Attributions. Int J Group Psychother 2019; 69:383-407. [PMID: 38449151 DOI: 10.1080/00207284.2019.1653189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This article examined how intensive group cognitive-behavioral therapy (GCBT) and group psychodynamic psychotherapy (GPDT) modified depressive symptoms and processing of social information (hostility attributions in a variety of ambiguous situations). The sample (N = 37) comprised individuals who were attending psychotherapy due to psychological distress (GCBT or GPDT). The study examined how group psychotherapy influences depression symptoms and social cognition. There was a decrease in depressive symptoms after three months of intensive CBGT, but PDGT did not significantly improve symptoms of depression. Moreover, in both psychotherapies, the authors noted a significant decrease in hostile attributions, mainly in situations involving people with whom one does not have a close relationship.
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Mazeres F, Brinkmann K, Richter M. Implicit achievement motive limits the impact of task difficulty on effort-related cardiovascular response. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Furley P, Schweizer G, Wegner M. The power motive as a predictor of receptiveness to nonverbal behavior in sport. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-019-09788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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McCredie MN, Morey LC. Convergence between Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and self-report: Another look at some old questions. J Clin Psychol 2019; 75:1838-1849. [PMID: 31264717 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study extends upon the investigation of the influence of response format on the convergence between performance-based and self-report assessments of similar mental health constructs, to further examine the role of method variance in poor heteromethod convergence. METHODS An online sample of 455 participants (57% male; mean age = 35.5 years) completed a multiple-choice adaptation of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)-the Iowa Picture Interpretation Test (IPIT)-and two self-report instruments: the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) and the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) representation of the domain traits of the five-factor model. RESULTS Several significant and meaningful interrelationships emerged between the IPIT and the PAI and IPIP five-factor scales. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that TAT methodology can correlate meaningfully with similar constructs assessed using self-report when comparable response formats are utilized, offering further support for the role of method variance in precluding heteromethod relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan N McCredie
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Leslie C Morey
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Der thematische Apperzeptionstest (TAT; Heckhausen, 1963 ) ist ein bewährtes Verfahren zur Erfassung des impliziten Leistungsmotives. Dabei werden Personen instruiert, zu 6 Bildern Geschichten zu erfinden, welche dann anhand eines spezifischen Kodierschlüssels hinsichtlich der beiden Motivkomponenten Hoffen auf Erfolg und Furcht vor Misserfolg analysiert werden. Die Güte des Verfahrens hängt somit essentiell vom Auswertungskategoriensystem ab. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist die Erweiterung des Kodierschlüssels von Heckhausen um die Kategorie Erfolgssicherheit und -gewissheit (ESG) und deren Überprüfung. Die Auswertungsobjektivität, Test-Retest-Reliabilität (Delay: 4 Wochen) und die interne Konsistenz des Verfahrens wurden jeweils mit und ohne Berücksichtigung von ESG erfasst. Diskriminante und konvergente Validität sind durch Übereinstimmung mit konstruktnahen und -fernen Verfahren sowie faktorielle Validität mittels CFA an N = 215 Schülerinnen und Schüler ermittelt worden. Zur Prüfung der experimentellen Validität fand eine gezielte Motivanregung an N = 130 Schülerinnen und Schülern statt. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass durch ESG die Gütekriterien des TAT gesteigert werden können.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Breidebach
- Institut für Rehabilitationswissenschaften, Technische Universität Dortmund
- Zentrum für schulpraktische Lehrerausbildung, Duisburg
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Totonchi DA, Derlega VJ, Janda LH. Implicit Sex Guilt Predicts Sexual Behaviors: Evidence for the Validity of the Sex-Guilt Implicit Association Test. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2019; 45:50-59. [PMID: 29757094 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2018.1474409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Self-report measures of sexuality may be influenced by people's conscious concerns about confidentiality and social desirability. Alternatively, non-conscious measures (e.g., implicit association tests; [IATs]) are designed to minimize these validity concerns. We constructed an IAT measure of sex guilt using 154 male and female university students. The sex-guilt IAT demonstrated convergent validity as it correlated with various sexual behaviors and incremental validity as it improved the prediction of several sexual behaviors beyond that provided by the Brief Mosher Sex Guilt Scale. We conclude that a non conscious measure of sex guilt may complement the use of self-reports in studying sexual behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delaram A Totonchi
- a Department of Educational Foundations and Leadership , Old Dominion University , Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Valerian J Derlega
- b Department of Psychology , Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Louis H Janda
- b Department of Psychology , Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
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Zajenkowska A, Prusik M, Szulawski M. What Does the Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire Really Measure? The Importance of Context in Evaluating Hostility Bias. J Pers Assess 2018; 102:205-213. [PMID: 30526086 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2018.1525389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We examine the psychometric validity of the Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire (AIHQ) by applying confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Previous analysis of psychometric features of the AIHQ showed problems with internal consistency and stability of the tool over time. By using CFA we wanted to check whether the scenes depicted in the questionnaire actually measure the same construct and whether the subscale measures are intercorrelated. The analysis included ambivalent scenes and was conducted on offenders (N = 108) and the general population (N = 161). Results indicated that the structure proposed by the AIHQ authors differs from that revealed by the statistical procedures. It appears that the AIHQ factor structure is centered on situational contexts rather than on particular questions measuring constructs of hostility and blame. We discuss these findings with regard to application of the AIHQ in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zajenkowska
- Department of Psychology, Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Prusik
- Department of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Szulawski
- Department of Psychology, Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland
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O’Gorman ET, Cobb HR, Galtieri LR, Kurtz JE. Stimulus Characteristics in Picture Story Exercise Cards and Their Effects on the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale–Global Rating Method. J Pers Assess 2018; 102:250-258. [DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2018.1519829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Haley R. Cobb
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Villanova University
| | | | - John E. Kurtz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Villanova University
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Bauer JJ, Graham LE, Lauber EA, Lynch BP. What growth sounds like: Redemption, self-improvement, and eudaimonic growth across different life narratives in relation to well-being. J Pers 2018; 87:546-565. [PMID: 29999181 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We disentangled three growth-relevant concepts (redemption, self-improvement, and eudaimonic growth) in personal narratives of high, low, and turning points and tested their relations to well-being. METHOD In two studies, participants (Study 1 n = 111, Study 2 n = 206; overall ages 17-83, 56% women, 75% white) wrote narratives of high points, low points, and turning points. Researchers coded each narrative for redemption sequences (i.e., affectively valenced changes in life from bad to good), self-improvement sequences (i.e., affectively valenced changes in oneself for the better), and themes of eudaimonic growth (i.e., values or motives for cultivating meaningful activities or relationships, helping others, or wisdom). Participants also self-reported well-being. RESULTS Redemption sequences in low points predicted higher well-being but in high points predicted lower well-being. Self-improvement sequences and growth themes each predicted higher well-being in each life event (and interacted in high points). Growth themes consistently mediated predicted relations between both redemption and self-improvement sequences and well-being. Findings held when controlling for global narrative affect, self-reported growth motivation, and big-five traits. CONCLUSIONS Thematic motives for eudaimonic growth were more closely tied to well-being than were affective evaluations of either changes from bad to good (redemption) or one's becoming better (self-improvement).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Bauer
- Department of Psychology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Laura E Graham
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California
| | - Elissa A Lauber
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Bridget P Lynch
- Department of Psychology, LeMoyne College, Syracuse, New York
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Harms PD, Krasikova DV, Luthans F. Not Me, But Reflects Me: Validating a Simple Implicit Measure of Psychological Capital. J Pers Assess 2018; 100:551-562. [PMID: 29927679 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2018.1480489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We propose the recently introduced implicit measure of psychological capital (PsyCap), the Implicit Psychological Capital Questionnaire (I-PCQ; Harms & Luthans, 2012), can provide a needed valid alternative to the self-report Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ). We explain the development of the I-PCQ items, assess the structural validity of the instrument, test its vulnerability to response distortion, and assess its capacity to predicting work attitudes and behaviors vis-à-vis the PCQ and Big Five personality facets. We found that the I-PCQ demonstrated acceptable structural validity that was consistent with and added to prior theorizing, was resistant to response distortion, and predicted work outcomes above and beyond the widely used self-report PCQ and Big Five personality traits. We conclude that the I-PCQ represents a valid, easily administered measure of psychological capital that minimizes problems associated with self-reports and is appropriate for use in work settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Harms
- a Department of Management, The Culverhouse College of Commerce , University of Alabama
| | - Dina V Krasikova
- b Department of Management, College of Business , University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Fred Luthans
- c Department of Management, College of Business , University of Nebraska-Lincoln
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Slabbinck H, van Witteloostuijn A, Hermans J, Vanderstraeten J, Dejardin M, Brassey J, Ramdani D. The added value of implicit motives for management research Development and first validation of a Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT) for the measurement of implicit motives. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198094. [PMID: 29924809 PMCID: PMC6010206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Management (sub-)disciplines, from Organizational Behavior and Marketing to Accounting and Strategy, are interested in antecedents and consequences of individual attitudes and traits. A key aspect of personality profiles are explicit and implicit motives. Yet, Management scholars mainly focus on explicit motives, with limited attention to implicit motives. We argue that this state of affairs probably came into being because current Management researchers mainly rely on implicit motive measures that are either difficult to apply or to develop, hampering researchers from applying implicit motive measures. To overcome the downsides of available instruments, we develop a Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT) as an efficient, reliable and valid measure of implicit motives, particularly the needs for achievement, affiliation and power. To explore our BIAT’s predictive validity, we apply this measure to a specific research domain within Management: Entrepreneurship. We examine implicit motives’ association with entrepreneurial self-efficacy, business founding, and financial profitability. Our results show that the introduction of implicit motives can unlock stranded discussions in this research domain. Overall, we argue that implicit motives can help to push the boundaries of the study of deep-level attributes in a wide range of organizational and managerial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arjen van Witteloostuijn
- School of Business and Economics, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Antwerp Management School, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Management, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julie Hermans
- CERPE, Department of Economics, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Faculty of Economic, Social and Political Sciences and Communication (ESPO), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations (LouRIM), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Johanna Vanderstraeten
- Antwerp Management School, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Management, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marcus Dejardin
- CERPE, Department of Economics, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Faculty of Economic, Social and Political Sciences and Communication (ESPO), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jacqueline Brassey
- School of Business and Economics, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dendi Ramdani
- Department of Management, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Denzinger F, Brandstätter V. Stability of and Changes in Implicit Motives. A Narrative Review of Empirical Studies. Front Psychol 2018; 9:777. [PMID: 29887818 PMCID: PMC5982542 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although growing research indicates that certain personality traits change over the lifespan, implicit motives are often deemed to be rather stable personality characteristics. Researchers have been interested in implicit motives for several decades, but our understanding of how these dispositions change still lacks clarity. This article gives an overview and a discussion of the current evidence for the stability of and the changes in implicit motives. After elaborating on the theoretical background of the motive construct and its measurement, we present an overview of studies that have investigated the trainability of implicit motives and their dispositional stability and changes using cross-sectional and longitudinal methods. Although the results are inconclusive concerning the direction of change, the reviewed studies suggest that implicit motives adapt to life circumstances much like other personality traits. This review sets out to contribute to a better understanding of the functioning of implicit motives and to present a roadmap for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronika Brandstätter
- Department of Psychology - Psychology of Motivation, Volition, and Emotion, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Stoeckart PF, Strick M, Bijleveld E, Aarts H. The implicit power motive predicts decisions in line with perceived instrumentality. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2018; 42:309-320. [PMID: 29720775 PMCID: PMC5915518 DOI: 10.1007/s11031-018-9687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Past research suggests that the implicit power motive (i.e., an unconsciously held motivational disposition to derive pleasure from having impact on others) predicts a preference to interact with individuals having submissive-looking faces. The present research extends this finding by testing whether the relation between the implicit power motive and approaching submissiveness depends on instrumentality. In two experiments, participants were assigned to a group that would ostensibly compete with another group. Within this intergroup context, they were asked to select persons as leaders or members for the in-group or the out-group. Potential leaders and members were displayed as submissive-looking or dominant-looking. Results showed that the implicit power motive predicted decisions favoring dominant-looking persons as in-group leaders, and submissive-looking persons as out-group leaders (Study 1) or in-group members (Study 2). These findings indicate that the tendency for people high in the implicit power motive to approach submissive-looking persons depends on the perceived instrumentality for gaining influence over others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Frank Stoeckart
- 1Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Madelijn Strick
- 1Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Henk Aarts
- 1Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Müller F, Rothermund K. Motive-goal congruence moderates the use of automatic self-regulation. J Pers 2017; 86:752-766. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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35
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The Power Paradox: Implicit and Explicit Power Motives, and the Importance Attached to Prosocial Organizational Goals in SMEs. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9112001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Strick M, Papies EK. A Brief Mindfulness Exercise Promotes the Correspondence Between the Implicit Affiliation Motive and Goal Setting. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2017; 43:623-637. [PMID: 28903636 PMCID: PMC5414900 DOI: 10.1177/0146167217693611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
People often choose to pursue goals that are dissociated from their implicit motives, which jeopardizes their motivation and well-being. We hypothesized that mindfulness may attenuate this dissociation to the degree that it increases sensitivity to internal cues that signal one's implicit preferences. We tested this hypothesis with a longitudinal repeated measures experiment. In Session 1, participants' implicit affiliation motive was assessed. In Session 2, half of the participants completed a mindfulness exercise while the other half completed a control task before indicating their motivation toward pursuing affiliation and nonaffiliation goals. In Session 3, this procedure was repeated with reversed assignment to conditions. The results confirmed our hypothesis that, irrespective of the order of the conditions, the implicit affiliation motive predicted a preference to pursue affiliation goals immediately after the mindfulness exercise, but not after the control task. We discuss implications of these findings for satisfaction and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esther K Papies
- 1 Utrecht University, The Netherlands.,2 University of Glasgow, Ireland
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37
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Inhibited Power Motivation is Associated with the Facial Width-to-Height Ratio in Females. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-017-0075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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38
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Gruber N. Is the Achievement Motive Gender-Biased? The Validity of TAT/PSE in Women and Men. Front Psychol 2017; 8:181. [PMID: 28261126 PMCID: PMC5309238 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In picture story exercises like the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT; Heckhausen, 1963), different pictures are presented to a person with the instruction to create a story using the scenes portrayed in the image. It is assumed, that people identify themselves with the people in the images and project their unconscious motives (e.g., achievement motive) onto them. As the TAT shows only men in the pictures, critics claimed the test is gender-biased; assuming women cannot identify with men in pictures. However, it was not assessed, whether female protagonists of the picture really trigger the same achievement motive as men. Therefore, two studies were conducted to address the gender difference and validity of the TAT using a version with only men in the pictures (study 1) or only women in the pictures (study 2). The results shows that the original TAT of Heckhausen is a valid instrument for women and men, but the modified version with only women in the pictures cannot validly measure the achievement motive in the male sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gruber
- Department of Psychology, Universität Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
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39
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Reading Personality: Assessing “Big Three” Traits with the Sentence Completion Method. CURRENT ISSUES IN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.5114/cipp.2017.69857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Drescher A, Schultheiss OC. Meta-analytic evidence for higher implicit affiliation and intimacy motivation scores in women, compared to men. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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41
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Krumm S, Schäpers P, Göbel A. Motive Arousal Without Pictures? An Experimental Validation of a Hybrid Implicit Motive Test. J Pers Assess 2016; 98:514-22. [DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2016.1146290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Harms P, Vanhove A, Luthans F. Positive Projections and Health: An Initial Validation of the Implicit Psychological Capital Health Measure. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/apps.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Stoeckart PF, Strick M, Bijleveld E, Aarts H. The implicit power motive predicts action selection. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 81:560-570. [PMID: 27007872 PMCID: PMC5397432 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-016-0768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has indicated that implicit motives can reliably predict which behaviors people select or decide to perform. However, so far, the question of how these motives are able to predict this action selection process has received little attention. Based on ideomotor theory, we argue that implicit motives can predict action selection when an action has become associated with a motive-congruent (dis)incentive through repeated experiences with the action-outcome relationship. This idea was investigated by examining whether the implicit need for power (nPower) would come to predict action selection (i.e., choosing to press either of two buttons) when these actions had repeatedly resulted in motive-congruent (dis)incentives (i.e., submissive or dominant faces). Both Studies 1 and 2 indicated that participants became more likely to select the action predictive of the motive-congruent outcome as their history with the action-outcome relationship increased. Study 2 indicated that this effect stemmed from both an approach towards incentives and an avoidance of disincentives. These results indicate that implicit motives (particularly the power motive) can predict action selection as a result of learning which actions yield motive-congruent (dis)incentives. Our findings therefore offer a model of how implicit motives can come to predict which behaviors people select to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Stoeckart
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 126, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Madelijn Strick
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 126, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Bijleveld
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 126, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Aarts
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 126, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Forstmeier S, Maercker A. Motivational processes in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: results from the Motivational Reserve in Alzheimer's (MoReA) study. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15:293. [PMID: 26578083 PMCID: PMC4650956 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0666-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain reserve, i.e., the ability of the brain to tolerate age- and disease-related changes in a way that cognitive function is still maintained, is assumed to be based on the lifelong training of various abilities. The Motivational Reserve in Alzheimer's (MoReA) is a longitudinal study that aims to examine motivational processes as a protective factor in mild Alzheimer's dementia (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This paper presents the results of motivational variables, frequency of diagnoses, and prediction of global cognition as well as depression in a one-year longitudinal study. METHODS The sample consists of 64 subjects with MCI and 47 subjects with mild AD at baseline. At baseline, the physical/neurological examinations, standard clinical assessment, neuropsychological testing, and assessment of motivational variables were performed. At follow-up (FU) one year later, neuropsychological testing including cognition, functional abilities, behavioral and affective symptoms, and global clinical assessments of severity have been repeated. RESULTS AD cases have lower motivational capacities as measured with a midlife motivation-related occupational score and informant-reported present motivational processes, but do not differ with regard to delay of gratification (DoG) and self-reported motivational processes. DoG and delay discounting (DD) were relatively stable during the measurement interval. However, 20 % of the MCI cases converted to mild AD at FU, and 17 % of the mild AD cases converted to moderate AD. The rate of depression of Alzheimer's disease was 9 at baseline and 21 % at FU, and the rate of apathy was 7 and 14 %, respectively. Global cognition at FU was mainly predicted by baseline global cognition but also by one of the motivational variables (scenario test). Depression at FU was predicted mainly by two motivational variables (self-reported and informant-reported motivational processes). CONCLUSIONS This research might inform motivation-related strategies for prevention and early intervention with older people or people at risk for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Forstmeier
- Developmental Psychology, Faculty II, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Maercker
- Psychopathology and Clinical Interventions, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestr. 14/17, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Carlson EN. Overcoming the Barriers to Self-Knowledge: Mindfulness as a Path to Seeing Yourself as You Really Are. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 8:173-86. [PMID: 26172498 DOI: 10.1177/1745691612462584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
People's beliefs about their personality, or how they typically think, feel, and behave, correspond somewhat to objective accuracy criteria. Yet recent research has highlighted the fact that there are many blind spots in self-knowledge and that these blind spots can have fairly negative consequences. What can people do to improve self-knowledge? The current article suggests that the construct of mindfulness, defined as paying attention to one's current experience in a nonevaluative way, may serve as a path to self-knowledge. Specifically, mindfulness appears to directly address the two major barriers to self-knowledge: informational barriers (i.e., the quantity and quality of information people have about themselves) and motivational barriers (i.e., ego-protective motives that affect how people process information about themselves). This article reviews the available evidence supporting the hypothesis that mindfulness improves self-knowledge and outlines promising future directions that might firmly establish an empirical link between mindfulness and self-knowledge.
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Cramer P. Using the TAT to Assess the Relation Between Gender Identity and the Use of Defense Mechanisms. J Pers Assess 2015; 99:265-274. [PMID: 26132364 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2015.1055358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore whether 2 different dimensions of personality, when assessed at an implicit level with the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT; Murray, 1943 ) will show a theoretically meaningful coherence not demonstrated when 1 is assessed at an implicit level and the other at an explicit level. Gender identity and defense mechanisms were assessed implicitly using the TAT. Gender identity was compared with a self-report measure of gender-related attributes assessed at the explicit level. The results showed a theoretically meaningful coherence when different dispositions were assessed at the same level, but a lack of agreement when similar dispositions were assessed at different levels. The study is based on a secondary analysis of data from 2 previously published papers (Cramer, 1998 ; Cramer & Westergren, 1999 ).
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Testing the convergent and discriminant validity of three implicit motive measures: PSE, OMT, and MMG. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-015-9502-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Schattke K, Brandstätter V, Taylor G, Kehr HM. Wahrgenommene Leistungsanreize moderieren den positiven Einfluss von Leistungsmotiv-Kongruenz auf das Flow-Erleben beim Hallenklettern. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SPORTPSYCHOLOGIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1026/1612-5010/a000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Flow ist ein Zustand der Selbstvergessenheit und des völligen Aufgehens in einer Tätigkeit, welcher oft mit erhöhter Leistung und einem erhöhten Genuss des Tätigkeitsvollzugs einhergeht. Die Passung von Anforderungen und Fähigkeiten scheint eine wichtige, aber nicht ausreichende Vorbedingung des Flow-Erlebens zu sein. Diese Studie geht daher der Frage nach, inwieweit die Kongruenz des impliziten und expliziten Leistungsmotivs mit wahrgenommenen Leistungsanreizen des Kletterns das Flow-Erleben erklären kann. Wir haben das Flow-Erleben von Hallenkletternden während und direkt nach dem Klettern einer intra-individuell einfachen und einer intra-individuell herausfordernden Route untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass Kletternde mehr Flow auf der herausfordernden als auf der einfachen Route erleben und dass dieser Zuwachs bei leistungsmotiv-kongruenten Kletternden größer war, wenn sie das Klettern als stark leistungsthematisch ansahen. Daher erscheint es wünschenswert, Sportlerinnen und Sportler motivational kompetenter zu machen, damit sie ihre impliziten und expliziten Motive mit den eigenen Tätigkeiten in Einklang bringen können.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaspar Schattke
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal QC, CAN
- Technische Universität München
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The implicit need for power predicts recognition speed for dynamic changes in facial expressions of emotion. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-015-9484-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sheldon KM, Prentice M, Halusic M, Schüler J. Matches between assigned goal-types and both implicit and explicit motive dispositions predict goal self-concordance. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-014-9468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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