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Robison RD, Patel S, Bunker J, Rudolph JL, Teno JM, Rogus-Pulia N. Pre-hospitalization dysphagia and feeding tube placement in nursing home residents with advanced dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2024; 72:778-790. [PMID: 38156795 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.18729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite research demonstrating the risks of using feeding tubes in persons with advanced dementia, they continue to be placed. The natural history of dysphagia among patients with advanced dementia has not been examined. We conducted a secondary analysis of a national cohort of persons with advanced dementia staying at a nursing home stay before hospitalization to examine (1) pre-hospitalization dysphagia prevalence and (2) risk of feeding tube placement during hospitalization based on preexisting dysphagia. METHODS A retrospective cohort study consisting of all nursing home (NH) residents (≥66 years) with advanced dementia (Cognitive Function Scale score ≥2), a hospitalization between 2013-2017, and a Minimum Data Set (MDS) 3.0 assessment within 120 days before hospitalization. Pre-hospitalization dysphagia status and surgically placed feeding tube insertion during hospitalization were determined by MDS 3.0 swallowing items and ICD-9 codes, respectively. A multivariate logistic model clustering on hospital was used to examine the association of dysphagia with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) feeding tube placement after adjustment for confounders. RESULTS Between 2013 and 2017, 889,983 persons with NH stay with advanced dementia (mean age: 84.5, SD: 7.5, and 63.5% female) were hospitalized. Pre-hospitalization dysphagia was documented in 5.4% (n = 47,574) and characterized by oral dysphagia (n = 21,438, 2.4%), pharyngeal dysphagia (n = 24,257, 2.7%), and general swallowing complaints/pain (n = 14,928, 1.7%). Overall, PEG feeding tubes were placed in 3529 patients (11.2%) with pre-hospitalization dysphagia, whereas 27,893 (88.8%) did not have pre-hospitalization dysphagia according to MDS 3.0 items. Feeding tube placement risk increased with the number of dysphagia items noted on the pre-hospitalization MDS (6 vs. 0 dysphagia variables: OR = 5.43, 95% CI: 3.19-9.27). CONCLUSIONS Based on MDS 3.0 assessment, only 11% of PEG feeding tubes were inserted in persons with prior dysphagia. Future research is needed on whether this represents inadequate assessment or the impact of potentially reversible intercurrent illness resulting in feeding tube placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raele Donetha Robison
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Center for Health Disparities Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sweta Patel
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jennifer Bunker
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - James L Rudolph
- Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports (LTSS-COIN), Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joan M Teno
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nicole Rogus-Pulia
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Center for Health Disparities Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Yuen JK, Luk JKH, Chan TC, Shea YF, Chu ST, Bernacki R, Chow DTY, Chan FHW. Reduced Pneumonia Risk in Advanced Dementia Patients on Careful Hand Feeding Compared With Nasogastric Tube Feeding. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2022; 23:1541-1547.e2. [PMID: 35489380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare survival and pneumonia risk among hospitalized patients with advanced dementia on nasogastric tube feeding (NGF) vs careful hand feeding (CHF) and to examine outcomes by feeding problem type. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Advanced dementia patients aged ≥60 years with indication for tube feeding admitted to 2 geriatric convalescent hospitals between January 1, 2015, and June 30, 2019. METHODS Comparison on the effect of NGF and CHF on survival and pneumonia risk using Kaplan Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Of the 764 patients (mean age 89 years, 61% female, 74% residential care home residents), 464 (61%) were initiated on NGF and 300 (39%) on CHF. The primary feeding problem types were dysphagia (50%), behavioral feeding problem (33%), or both (17%). There was no difference in 1-year survival rate between NGF and CHF groups (36% vs 37%, P = .71) and survival did not differ by feeding problem type. Nasogastric tube feeding was not a significant predictor for survival (adjusted hazard ratio 1.15, 95% CI 0.94-1.39). Among 577 (76%) patients who survived to discharge, pneumonia rates were lower in the CHF group (48% vs 60%, P = .004). After adjusting for cofounders, NGF was a significant risk factor for pneumonia (adjusted hazard ratio 1.41, 95% CI 1.08-1.85). In subgroup analyses, NGF was associated with increased pneumonia risk for patients with both dysphagia and behavioral feeding problem (P = .01) but not in patients with behavioral feeding problem alone (P = .24) or dysphagia alone (P = .30). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS For advanced dementia patients with feeding problems, there is no difference in survival between NGF and CHF. However, NGF is associated with a higher pneumonia risk, particularly for patients with both dysphagia and behavioral feeding problem. Further research on how the feeding problem type impacts pneumonia risk for patients on NGF is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline K Yuen
- Division of Geriatrics, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - James K H Luk
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, TWGHs Fung Yiu King Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tuen-Ching Chan
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, TWGHs Fung Yiu King Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yat-Fung Shea
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, TWGHs Fung Yiu King Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Steven T Chu
- Division of Geriatrics, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rachelle Bernacki
- Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David T Y Chow
- Department of Speech Therapy, TWGHs Fung Yiu King Hospital and Grantham Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Felix H W Chan
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, TWGHs Fung Yiu King Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Anantapong K, Davies N, Chan J, McInnerney D, Sampson EL. Mapping and understanding the decision-making process for providing nutrition and hydration to people living with dementia: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr 2020; 20:520. [PMID: 33267831 PMCID: PMC7709405 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-020-01931-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review aimed to explore the process of decision-making for nutrition and hydration for people living with dementia from the perspectives and experiences of all involved. METHODS We searched CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases. Search terms were related to dementia, decision-making, nutrition and hydration. Qualitative, quantitative and case studies that focused on decision-making about nutrition and hydration for people living with dementia were included. The CASP and Murad tools were used to appraise the quality of included studies. Data extraction was guided by the Interprofessional Shared Decision Making (IP-SDM) model. We conducted a narrative synthesis using thematic analysis. PROSPERO registration number CRD42019131497. RESULTS Forty-five studies were included (20 qualitative, 15 quantitative and 10 case studies), comprising data from 17 countries and 6020 patients, family caregivers and practitioners. The studies covered a range of decisions from managing oral feeding to the use of tube feeding. We found that decisions about nutrition and hydration for people living with dementia were generally too complex to be mapped onto the precise linear steps of the existing decision-making model. Decision-making processes around feeding for people living with dementia were largely influenced by medical evidence, personal values, cultures and organizational routine. Although the process involved multiple people, family caregivers and non-physician practitioners were often excluded in making a final decision. Upon disagreement, nutrition interventions were sometimes delivered with conflicting feelings concealed by family caregivers or practitioners. Most conflicts and negative feelings were resolved by good relationship, honest communication, multidisciplinary team meetings and renegotiation. CONCLUSIONS The decision-making process regarding nutrition and hydration for people living with dementia does not follow a linear process. It needs an informed, value-sensitive, and collaborative process. However, it often characterized by unclear procedures and with a lack of support. Decisional support is needed and should be approached in a shared and stepwise manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanthee Anantapong
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK.
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand.
| | - Nathan Davies
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Ageing Population Studies, Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Justin Chan
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daisy McInnerney
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth L Sampson
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Barnet Enfield and Haringey Mental Health Trust Liaison Team, North Middlesex University Hospital, Sterling Way, London, UK
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Zhu M, Cui H, Chen W, Jiang H, Li Z, Dong B, Chen H, Wang Y, Tang Y, Hu Y, Sun J, Chen Y, Tao Y, Zhou S, Cao W, Wei J. Guidelines for parenteral and enteral nutrition in geriatric patients in China. Aging Med (Milton) 2020; 3:110-124. [PMID: 34553111 PMCID: PMC8445042 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the expert consensus on parenteral and enteral nutrition support for geriatric patients in China in 2013, domestic multidisciplinary experts were gathered to summarize the new evidence in the field of elderly nutritional support at home and abroad. The 2013 consensus was comprehensively updated and upgraded to a guideline by referring to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system for grading evidence. These guidelines were divided into two parts: general conditions and common diseases. After discussion by all members of the academic group and consultation with relevant experts, 60 recommendations were ultimately established as standardized nutritional support in the field of geriatrics in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Zhu
- Department of General SurgeryBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Hongyuan Cui
- Department of General SurgeryBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Parenteral and Enteral NutritionBeijing Union HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Hua Jiang
- Institute of Emergency and Disaster MedicineSichuan Provincial People’s HospitalChengduChina
| | - Zijian Li
- Department of General SurgeryBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Birong Dong
- Department of GeriatricsSichuan University West China HospitalChengduChina
| | - Huaihong Chen
- Department of Neurologythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University school of medicineHangzhouChina
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular medicineBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yun Tang
- Department of General SurgeryChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of GeriatricsZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jianqin Sun
- Department of NutritionHuadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanjin Chen
- Department of General SurgeryTianjin Hospital of ITCWMTianjinChina
| | - Yexuan Tao
- Department of Clinical NutritionXinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Suming Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics Intensive Care UnitNanjing Medical University First Affiliated HospitalNanjingChina
| | - Weixin Cao
- Department of clinical NutritionShanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin HospitalShanghaiChina
| | - Junmin Wei
- Department of General SurgeryBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
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Dietrich CG, Schoppmeyer K. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy – Too often? Too late? Who are the right patients for gastrostomy? World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:2464-2471. [PMID: 32523304 PMCID: PMC7265142 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i20.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is an established method to provide nutrition to patients with restricted oral uptake of fluids and calories. Here, we review the methods, indications and complications of this procedure. While gastrostomy can be safely and easily performed during gastroscopy, the right patients and timing for this intervention are not always chosen. Especially in patients with dementia, the indication for and timing of gastrostomies are often improper. In this patient group, clear data for enteral nutrition are lacking; however, some evidence suggests that patients with advanced dementia do not benefit, whereas patients with mild to moderate dementia might benefit from early enteral nutrition. Additionally, other patient groups with temporary or permanent restriction of oral uptake might be a useful target population for early enteral nutrition to maintain mobilization and muscle strength. We plead for a coordinated study program for these patient groups to identify suitable patients and the best timing for tube implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph G Dietrich
- Medical Clinic, Bethlehem-Gesundheitszentrum Stolberg/Rhld., Stolberg D-52222, Germany
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[Nutritional management of advanced dementia: summary of recommendations of the SENPE Ethic Group]. NUTR HOSP 2020; 36:988-995. [PMID: 31321986 DOI: 10.20960/nh.02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This paper from the ethics Working Group presents a summary of the recommendations of the nutritional management of patients with advanced dementia.
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Orlandoni P, Jukic Peladic N, Cherubini A. Enteral nutrition in advanced dementia: an unresolved dilemma in clinical practice. Eur Geriatr Med 2020; 11:191-194. [DOI: 10.1007/s41999-020-00292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tube Feeding in Individuals with Advanced Dementia: A Review of Its Burdens and Perceived Benefits. J Aging Res 2019; 2019:7272067. [PMID: 31929906 PMCID: PMC6942829 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7272067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dementia remains a growing concern for societies globally, particularly as people now live longer. About 90% of individuals with advanced dementia suffer from eating problems that lead to general health decline and ultimately impacts upon the physical, psychological, and economic wellbeing of the individuals, caregivers, and the wider society. Objective To evaluate the burdens and perceived benefits of tube feeding in individuals with advanced dementia. Design Narrative review. Methods Computerized databases, including PubMed, Embase, Medline, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and Google Scholar were searched from 2000 to 2019 to identify research papers, originally written in or translated into English language, which investigated oral versus tube feeding outcome in individuals with advanced dementia. Results Over 400 articles were retrieved. After quality assessment and careful review of the identified articles, only those that met the inclusion criteria were included for review. Conclusion Tube feeding neither stops dementia disease progression nor prevents imminent death. Each decision for feeding tube placement in individuals with advanced dementia should be made on a case-by-case basis and involve a multidisciplinary team comprising experienced physicians, nurses, family surrogates, and the relevant allied health professionals. Careful considerations of the benefit-harm ratio should be discussed and checked with surrogate families if they would be consistent with the wishes of the demented person. Further research is required to establish whether tube feeding of individuals with advanced dementia provides more burdens than benefits or vice-versa and evaluate the impacts on quality of life and survival.
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The outcomes of long term home enteral nutrition (HEN) in older patients with severe dementia. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:1871-1876. [PMID: 30061054 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS European and international guidelines advice against initiating tube-feeding in patients with severe dementia. These recommendations are based on studies with important methodological limitations that evaluated the benefits of artificial nutrition in patients with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy almost exclusively in terms of the prolongation of survival. The aims of this study were to assess the harmful effects of home enteral nutrition administered via the nasogastric tube and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in patients with advanced dementia in terms of mechanical, gastrointestinal and metabolic complications, to estimate the survival, to explore the risk factors for mortality and to compare the outcomes of patients with advanced dementia with those of patients without dementia. METHODS The retrospective observational study was carried out on 585 consecutive patients of the mean age of 85.6 ± 6.9 years. They were treated using home enteral nutrition from 2010 to 2015 according to follow-up protocols adopted by the Clinical Nutrition Unit of an Italian geriatric research hospital (IRCCS-INRCA, Ancona). Incidence rates of mechanical, gastrointestinal and metabolic complications and survival rates in patients with severe dementia were compared to those in patients without dementia. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the mortality risk factors. RESULTS There was no difference between the incidence rates of complications in patients with severe dementia and those in patients without dementia. The incidence of mechanical complications was 1.35/1000 days for patients without dementia vs. 1.53/1000 days for patients with dementia (p = 0.270), the incidence of gastrointestinal complications was 1.30/1000 days for patients without dementia vs. 1.35/1000 days for patients with dementia (p = 0.984) and the incidence of metabolic complications was 0.36/1000 days for patients without dementia vs. 0.35/1000 days for patients with dementia (p = 0.252). The Kaplan Mailer analyses showed that there was no evidence to support the theses on poorer prognosis of survival of patients with dementia (median survival was 193 days for patients without dementia vs. 192 days for patients with dementia, (p > 0.05)). The female gender, advanced age, nasogastric tube, diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure were identified as risk factors. Subjects whose Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index values were higher had a lower risk of mortality. CONCLUSIONS The discussion on the appropriateness of enteral nutrition in patients with severe dementia is still open. Our results show that, if there is a medical prescription for tube-feeding and a patient's surrogate decision-makers express free and informed consent to the tube-feeding of the patient, enteral nutrition should not be contraindicated a priori if the patient has severe dementia. Regular follow-up is mandatory to guarantee adherence to the therapy and achieve its initial aims and to ensure that the principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence are respected.
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