1
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Das A, Datta A. Oriented External Electric Field Controls the Rupture Forces in Mechanophores. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:6951-6956. [PMID: 38973239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c02337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Controlling the reactivity of molecules under a mechanical pull has generated significant interest in organic and polymer chemistry. Inducing mechano-lability for otherwise rigid molecules has been possible through structural alterations like adjusting the pulling group, ring strain, and electron density of the scissile bond. In this article, we report that an oriented external electric field (OEEF) can significantly assist in mechanochemical transformations. Using a structurally diverse set of ring-opening reactions, 1(a)-4(a), we show that the critical force required for bond-cleavage, Frup, gets appreciably reduced when the OEEF acts in-phase with the bond-polarity direction. The primary condition for utilizing OEEF along with mechanochemistry is the requirement of structural asymmetry along the target bond. Effectively therefore, any polar ring-opening reaction might be manipulated by OEEF. The versatility of the strategy of using OEEF and mechanical force together can also be appreciated by the enhanced rupture force when the direction of the OEEF is flipped. We show that mechanical pulling and electric field can act as entwined twins toward mechano-lability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Das
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
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2
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Khodayeki S, Maftuhin W, Walter M. Force Dependent Barriers from Analytic Potentials within Elastic Environments. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200237. [PMID: 35703590 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bond rupture under the action of external forces is usually induced by temperature fluctuations, where the key quantity is the force dependent barrier that needs to be overcome. Using analytic potentials we find that these barriers are fully determined by the dissociation energy and the maximal force the potential can withstand. The barrier shows a simple dependence on these two quantities that allows for a re-interpretation of the Eyring-Zhurkov-Bell length Δ x ‡ and the expressions in theories going beyond that. It is shown that solely elastic environments do not change this barrier in contrast to the predictions of constraint geometry simulate external force (COGEF) strategies. The findings are confirmed by explicit calculations of bond rupture in a polydimethylsiloxane model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Khodayeki
- Freiburger Institut für Interaktive Materialien und Bioinspirierte Technologien, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Herrmann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wafa Maftuhin
- Freiburger Institut für Interaktive Materialien und Bioinspirierte Technologien, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Herrmann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Walter
- Freiburger Institut für Interaktive Materialien und Bioinspirierte Technologien, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Herrmann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS@FIT, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institut für Werkstoffmechanik, Wöhlerstraße 11, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Klein IM, Husic CC, Kovács DP, Choquette NJ, Robb MJ. Validation of the CoGEF Method as a Predictive Tool for Polymer Mechanochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16364-16381. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M. Klein
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Corey C. Husic
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Dávid P. Kovács
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nicolas J. Choquette
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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4
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Bettens T, Alonso M, Geerlings P, De Proft F. Implementing the mechanical force into the conceptual DFT framework: understanding and predicting molecular mechanochemical properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:7378-7388. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07349j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Studying mechanochemical properties through the implementation of the mechanical force into the conceptual DFT framework (E = E[N,v,Fext]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bettens
- Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- Pleinlaan 2
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- Pleinlaan 2
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- Pleinlaan 2
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- Pleinlaan 2
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
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5
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Kulik HJ. MODELING MECHANOCHEMISTRY FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES. REVIEWS IN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119518068.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Stauch T. Mechanical Switching of Aromaticity and Homoaromaticity in Molecular Optical Force Sensors for Polymers. Chemistry 2018; 24:7340-7344. [PMID: 29575402 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The sensing of mechanical stress in polymers is indispensable for investigating the origin and propagation of cracks that lead to material failure and for designing mechanically responsive polymers. Here the unique approaches of using the force-induced switching of aromaticity and homoaromaticity in molecular optical force sensors for the real-time measurement of mechanical forces acting in stretched polymers are suggested. The mechanical switching of aromaticity in Dewar benzene is an irreversible event, whereas the degree of π-orbital overlap in homoaromatic compounds like homotropylium can be adjusted progressively over a wide range of forces. Using computational methods, it is demonstrated that both approaches lead to significant changes in the visible part of the UV/Vis spectra of the force sensors upon application of weak forces (pN-nN). Polymers that incorporate such molecular force sensors therefore change their color well before material failure occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stauch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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7
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Wollenhaupt M, Schran C, Krupička M, Marx D. Force‐Induced Catastrophes on Energy Landscapes: Mechanochemical Manipulation of Downhill and Uphill Bifurcations Explains the Ring‐Opening Selectivity of Cyclopropanes. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:837-847. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Wollenhaupt
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische ChemieRuhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Christoph Schran
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische ChemieRuhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Martin Krupička
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische ChemieRuhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
- Present Address: Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology Technicka 5 16628 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Marx
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische ChemieRuhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
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8
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Gehrke S, Alznauer HT, Karimi-Varzaneh HA, Becker JA. Ab initio simulations of bond breaking in sulfur crosslinked isoprene oligomer units. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:214703. [PMID: 29221404 DOI: 10.1063/1.5001574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur crosslinked polyisoprene (rubber) is used in important material components for a number of technical tasks (e.g., in tires and sealings). If mechanical stress, like tension or shear, is applied on these material components, the sulfur crosslinks suffer from homolytic bond breaking. In this work, we have simulated the bond breaking mechanism of sulfur crosslinks between polyisoprene chains using Car-Parrinello molecular dynamic simulations and investigated the maximum forces which can be resisted by the crosslinks. Small model systems with crosslinks formed by chains of N = 1 to N = 6 sulfur atoms have been simulated with the slow growth-technique, known from the literature. The maximum force can be thereby determined from the calculated energies as a function of strain (elongation). The stability of the crosslink under strain is quantified in terms of the maximum force that can be resisted by the system before the crosslink breaks. As shown by our simulations, this maximum force decreases with the sulfur crosslink length N in a step like manner. Our findings indicate that in bridges with N = 1, 2, and 3 sulfur atoms predominantly, carbon-sulfur bonds break, while in crosslinks with N > 3, the breaking of a sulfur-sulfur bond is the dominant failure mechanism. The results are explained within a simple chemical bond model, which describes how the delocalization of the electrons in the generated radicals can lower their electronic energy and decrease the activation barriers. It is described which of the double bonds in the isoprene units are involved in the mechanochemistry of crosslinked rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Gehrke
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie, Callinstrasse 3A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans Tobias Alznauer
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie, Callinstrasse 3A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jörg August Becker
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie, Callinstrasse 3A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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9
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Sammon MS, Ončák M, Beyer MK. Theoretical simulation of the infrared signature of mechanically stressed polymer solids. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1710-1716. [PMID: 28904614 PMCID: PMC5564256 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress leads to deformation of strands in polymer solids, including elongation of covalent bonds and widening of bond angles, which changes the infrared spectrum. Here, the infrared spectrum of solid polymer samples exposed to mechanical stress is simulated by density functional theory calculations. Mechanical stress is described with the external force explicitly included (EFEI) method. The uneven distribution of the external stress on individual polymer strands is accounted for by a convolution of simulated spectra with a realistic force distribution. N-Propylpropanamide and propyl propanoate are chosen as model molecules for polyamide and polyester, respectively. The effect of a specific force on the polymer backbone is a redshift of vibrational modes involving the C-N and C-O bonds in the backbone, while the free C-O stretching mode perpendicular to the backbone is largely unaffected. The convolution with a realistic force distribution shows that the dominant effect on the strongest infrared bands is not a shift of the peak position, but rather peak broadening and a characteristic change in the relative intensities of the strongest bands, which may serve for the identification and quantification of mechanical stress in polymer solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Sammon
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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10
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Stauch T, Dreuw A. Force-induced retro-click reaction of triazoles competes with adjacent single-bond rupture. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5567-5575. [PMID: 30155228 PMCID: PMC6103003 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01562c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly controversial force-induced cycloreversion of 1,2,3-triazole, its well-known retro-click reaction, is shown to be possible only for 1,5-substituted triazoles, but competes with rupture of an adjacent single-bond. We draw this conclusion from both static and dynamic calculations under external mechanical forces applied to unsubstituted and 1,4- and 1,5-substituted triazoles. The JEDI (Judgement of Energy DIstribution) analysis, a quantum chemical tool quantifying the distribution of strain energy in mechanically deformed molecules, is employed to identify the key factors facilitating the force-induced retro-click reaction in these systems. For 1,4-substituted triazoles it is shown to be impossible, but the parallel alignment of the scissile bond in 1,5-substituted triazoles with the acting force makes it generally feasible. However, the weakness of the carbon-nitrogen bond connecting the triazole ring to the linker prevents selective cycloreversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stauch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany . ;
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany . ;
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11
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Quapp W, Bofill JM, Ribas-Ariño J. Analysis of the Acting Forces in a Theory of Catalysis and Mechanochemistry. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2820-2838. [PMID: 28338327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The theoretical description of a chemical process resulting from the application of mechanical or catalytical stress to a molecule is performed by the generation of an effective potential energy surface (PES). Changes for minima and saddle points by the stress are described by Newton trajectories (NTs) on the original PES. From the analysis of the acting forces we postulate the existence of pulling corridors built by families of NTs that connect the same stationary points. For different exit saddles of different height we discuss the corresponding pulling corridors; mainly by simple two-dimensional surface models. If there are different exit saddles then there can exist saddles of index two, at least, between. Then the case that a full pulling corridor crosses a saddle of index two is the normal case. It leads to an intrinsic hysteresis of such pullings for the forward or the backward reaction. Assuming such relations we can explain some results in the literature. A new finding is the existence of roundabout corridors that can switch between different saddle points by a reversion of the direction. The findings concern the mechanochemistry of molecular systems under a mechanical load as well as the electrostatic force and can be extended to catalytic and enzymatic accelerated reactions. The basic and ground ansatz includes both kinds of forces in a natural way without an extra modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Quapp
- Mathematisches Institut, Universität Leipzig , PF 100920, D-04009 Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Stauch T, Dreuw A. Advances in Quantum Mechanochemistry: Electronic Structure Methods and Force Analysis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14137-14180. [PMID: 27767298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In quantum mechanochemistry, quantum chemical methods are used to describe molecules under the influence of an external force. The calculation of geometries, energies, transition states, reaction rates, and spectroscopic properties of molecules on the force-modified potential energy surfaces is the key to gain an in-depth understanding of mechanochemical processes at the molecular level. In this review, we present recent advances in the field of quantum mechanochemistry and introduce the quantum chemical methods used to calculate the properties of molecules under an external force. We place special emphasis on quantum chemical force analysis tools, which can be used to identify the mechanochemically relevant degrees of freedom in a deformed molecule, and spotlight selected applications of quantum mechanochemical methods to point out their synergistic relationship with experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stauch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Quapp W, Bofill JM. Reaction rates in a theory of mechanochemical pathways. J Comput Chem 2016; 37:2467-78. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Quapp
- Department of Mathematics; University Leipzig; PF 100920 Leipzig D-04009 Germany
| | - Josep Maria Bofill
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica; Universitat de Barcelona; and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona, (IQTCUB); Martí i Franquès, 1 Barcelona 08028 Spain
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14
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Kedziora GS, Barr SA, Berry R, Moller JC, Breitzman TD. Bond breaking in stretched molecules: multi-reference methods versus density functional theory. Theor Chem Acc 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-016-1822-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Jacobs MJ, Schneider G, Blank KG. Mechanical Reversibility of Strain-Promoted Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2899-902. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique J. Jacobs
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Guenter Schneider
- Department of Physics; Oregon State University; 301 Weniger Hall Corvallis OR 97331-6501 USA
| | - Kerstin G. Blank
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Potsdam Golm Science Park 14424 Potsdam Germany
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16
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Jacobs MJ, Schneider G, Blank KG. Mechanische Reversibilität der spannungskatalysierten Azid-Alkin-Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique J. Jacobs
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen Niederlande
| | - Guenter Schneider
- Department of Physics; Oregon State University; 301 Weniger Hall Corvallis OR 97331-6501 USA
| | - Kerstin G. Blank
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen Niederlande
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung; Wissenschaftspark Potsdam Golm; 14424 Potsdam Deutschland
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17
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Rivero D, Valentini A, Fernández-González MÁ, Zapata F, García-Iriepa C, Sampedro D, Palmeiro R, Frutos LM. Mechanical Forces Alter Conical Intersections Topology. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:3740-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rivero
- Química
Física, Universidad de Alcalá, E- 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessio Valentini
- Química
Física, Universidad de Alcalá, E- 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Felipe Zapata
- Química
Física, Universidad de Alcalá, E- 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Iriepa
- Química
Física, Universidad de Alcalá, E- 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento
de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Madre de Dios, 51, E-26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Diego Sampedro
- Departamento
de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Madre de Dios, 51, E-26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Raúl Palmeiro
- Química
Física, Universidad de Alcalá, E- 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Manuel Frutos
- Química
Física, Universidad de Alcalá, E- 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Pill MF, Schmidt SW, Beyer MK, Clausen-Schaumann H, Kersch A. A density functional theory model of mechanically activated silyl ester hydrolysis. J Chem Phys 2015; 140:044321. [PMID: 25669537 DOI: 10.1063/1.4862827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanism of the mechanically activated dissociation of chemical bonds between carboxymethylated amylose (CMA) and silane functionalized silicon dioxide, we have investigated the dissociation kinetics of the bonds connecting CMA to silicon oxide surfaces with density functional calculations including the effects of force, solvent polarizability, and pH. We have determined the activation energies, the pre-exponential factors, and the reaction rate constants of candidate reactions. The weakest bond was found to be the silyl ester bond between the silicon and the alkoxy oxygen atom. Under acidic conditions, spontaneous proton addition occurs close to the silyl ester such that neutral reactions become insignificant. Upon proton addition at the most favored position, the activation energy for bond hydrolysis becomes 31 kJ mol(-1), which agrees very well with experimental observation. Heterolytic bond scission in the protonated molecule has a much higher activation energy. The experimentally observed bi-exponential rupture kinetics can be explained by different side groups attached to the silicon atom of the silyl ester. The fact that different side groups lead to different dissociation kinetics provides an opportunity to deliberately modify and tune the kinetic parameters of mechanically activated bond dissociation of silyl esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Pill
- Department of Applied Sciences and Mechatronics, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Lothstr. 34, 80335 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian W Schmidt
- Department of Applied Sciences and Mechatronics, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Lothstr. 34, 80335 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Hauke Clausen-Schaumann
- Department of Applied Sciences and Mechatronics, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Lothstr. 34, 80335 Munich, Germany
| | - Alfred Kersch
- Department of Applied Sciences and Mechatronics, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Lothstr. 34, 80335 Munich, Germany
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19
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Schütze D, Holz K, Müller J, Beyer MK, Lüning U, Hartke B. Pinpointing Mechanochemical Bond Rupture by Embedding the Mechanophore into a Macrocycle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:2556-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Schütze D, Holz K, Müller J, Beyer MK, Lüning U, Hartke B. Lokalisierung eines mechanochemischen Bindungsbruchs durch Einbettung des Mechanophors in einen Makrocyclus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Kochhar GS, Heverly-Coulson GS, Mosey NJ. Theoretical Approaches for Understanding the Interplay Between Stress and Chemical Reactivity. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 369:37-96. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2015_648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Smalø HS, Rybkin VV, Klopper W, Helgaker T, Uggerud E. Mechanochemistry: the effect of dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:7683-94. [PMID: 25105205 DOI: 10.1021/jp504959z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Dynamical effects on the mechanochemistry of linear alkane chains, mimicking polyethylene, are studied by means of molecular dynamics simulations. Butane and octane are studied using density-functional theory (DFT), whereas higher homologues are studied using a simple one-dimensional model in which the molecules are represented by a linear chain of Morse potentials (LCM). The application of a fixed external force to a thermodynamically pre-equilibrated molecule leads to a preference for cleavage of the terminal C-C bonds, whereas a sudden application of the force favors bond breaking in the central part of the chain. In all cases, transition-state theory predicts higher bond-breaking rates than found from the more realistic molecular dynamics simulations. The event of bond dissociation is related to dynamic states involving symmetric vibrational modes. Such modes do in general have lower frequencies of vibration than antisymmetric modes, which explains the deviation between the statistical theory and the dynamics simulations. The good qualitative agreement between the DFT and LCM models makes the latter a useful tool to investigate the mechanochemistry of long polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans S Smalø
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
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23
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Schmidt SW, Pill MF, Kersch A, Clausen-Schaumann H, Beyer MK. Mechanically induced silyl ester cleavage under acidic conditions investigated by AFM-based single-molecule force spectroscopy in the force-ramp mode. Faraday Discuss 2014; 170:357-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AFM-based dynamic single-molecule force spectroscopy was used to stretch carboxymethylated amylose (CMA) polymers, which have been covalently tethered between a silanized glass substrate and a silanized AFM tip via acid-catalyzed ester condensation at pH 2.0. Rupture forces were measured as a function of temperature and force loading rate in the force-ramp mode. The data exhibit significant statistical scattering, which is fitted with a maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) algorithm. Bond rupture is described with a Morse potential based Arrhenius kinetics model. The fit yields a bond dissociation energy De = 35 kJ mol−1 and an Arrhenius pre-factor A = 6.6 × 104 s−1. The bond dissociation energy is consistent with previous experiments under identical conditions, where the force-clamp mode was employed. However, the bi-exponential decay kinetics, which the force-clamp results unambiguously revealed, are not evident in the force-ramp data. While it is possible to fit the force-ramp data with a bi-exponential model, the fit parameters differ from the force-clamp experiments. Overall, single-molecule force spectroscopy in the force-ramp mode yields data whose information content is more limited than force-clamp data. It may, however, still be necessary and advantageous to perform force-ramp experiments. The number of successful events is often higher in the force-ramp mode, and competing reaction pathways may make force-clamp experiments impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian W. Schmidt
- Munich University of Applied Sciences
- Department of Applied Natural Sciences and Mechatronics
- 80335 Munich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel
| | - Michael F. Pill
- Munich University of Applied Sciences
- Department of Applied Natural Sciences and Mechatronics
- 80335 Munich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel
| | - Alfred Kersch
- Munich University of Applied Sciences
- Department of Applied Natural Sciences and Mechatronics
- 80335 Munich, Germany
| | - Hauke Clausen-Schaumann
- Munich University of Applied Sciences
- Department of Applied Natural Sciences and Mechatronics
- 80335 Munich, Germany
- Center for NanoScience (CeNS)
- 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel
- 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik
- Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck
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24
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Li Y, Nese A, Matyjaszewski K, Sheiko SS. Molecular Tensile Machines: Anti-Arrhenius Cleavage of Disulfide Bonds. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401178w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Alper Nese
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sergei S. Sheiko
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- H. S. Smalø
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - E. Uggerud
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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26
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Ribas-Arino J, Marx D. Covalent mechanochemistry: theoretical concepts and computational tools with applications to molecular nanomechanics. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5412-87. [PMID: 22909336 DOI: 10.1021/cr200399q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ribas-Arino
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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27
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Schmidt SW, Filippov P, Kersch A, Beyer MK, Clausen-Schaumann H. Single-molecule force-clamp experiments reveal kinetics of mechanically activated silyl ester hydrolysis. ACS NANO 2012; 6:1314-1321. [PMID: 22251147 DOI: 10.1021/nn204111w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the strength of silyl ester bonds formed between carboxymethylated amylose (CMA) molecules and silane-functionalized silicon oxide surfaces using AFM-based single-molecule force spectroscopy in the force-clamp mode. Single tethered CMA molecules were picked up, and bond lifetimes were determined at constant clamp forces of 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 nN at seven temperatures between 295 and 320 K at pH 2.0. The results reveal biexponential rupture kinetics. To obtain the reaction rate constants for each force and temperature individually, the results were analyzed with a biexponential kinetic model using the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method. The force-independent kinetic and structural parameters of the underlying bond rupture mechanisms were extracted by fitting the entire data set with a parallel MLE fit procedure using the Zhurkov/Bell model and, alternatively, an Arrhenius kinetics model combined with a Morse potential as an analytic representation of the binding potential. With activation energies between 37 and 40 kJ mol(-1), and with Arrhenius prefactors between 5 × 10(4) and 2 × 10(6) s(-1), the results point to the hydrolysis of the silyl ester bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian W Schmidt
- Department of Precision- and Micro-Engineering, Engineering Physics, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Lothstr. 34, 80335 Munich, Germany
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28
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Smalø HS, Uggerud E. Ring opening vs. direct bond scission of the chain in polymeric triazoles under the influence of an external force. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:10443-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc34056a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Hemelsoet K, De Vleeschouwer F, Van Speybroeck V, De Proft F, Geerlings P, Waroquier M. Validation of DFT-Based Methods for Predicting Qualitative Thermochemistry of Large Polyaromatics. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:1100-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Iozzi MF, Helgaker T, Uggerud E. Influence of external force on properties and reactivity of disulfide bonds. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:2308-15. [PMID: 21366304 DOI: 10.1021/jp109428g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanochemistry of the disulfide bridge--that is, the influence of an externally applied force on the reactivity of the sulfur-sulfur bond--is investigated by unrestricted Kohn-Sham theory. Specifically, we apply the COGEF (constrained geometry simulates external force) approach to characterize the mechanochemistry of the disulfide bond in three different chemical environments: dimethyl disulfide, cystine, and a 102-atom model of the I27 domain in the titin protein. Furthermore, the mechanism of the thiol-disulfide reduction reaction under the effect of an external force is investigated by considering the COGEF potential for the adduct and transition-state clusters. With the unrestricted Becke-three-parameter-Lee-Yang-Parr (UB3LYP) exchange-correlation functional in the 6-311++G(3df,3pd) orbital basis, the rupture force of dimethyl disulfide is 3.8 nN at a disulfide bond elongation of 35 pm. The interaction with neighboring groups and the effect of conformational rigidity of the protein environment have little influence on the mechanochemical characteristics. Upon stretching, we make the following observations: the diradical character of the disulfide bridge increases; the energy difference between the singlet ground state and low-lying triplet state decreases; and the disulfide reduction is promoted by an external force in the range 0.1-0.4 nN. Our model of the interplay between force and reaction mechanism is in qualitative agreement with experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Iozzi
- The Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway.
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31
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Abstract
The purpose of this critical review is to introduce the reader to an increasingly important class of phenomena: enormous changes in rates of simple chemical reactions within macromolecules as they are stretched by interactions with the environment. In these chemomechanical, or mechanochemical, phenomena the effect of the macromolecular environment can be visualized as a spring (harmonic or anharmonic) bridging and pulling apart a pair of atoms of the macromolecule. Being able to predict how the parameters of this spring affect the kinetics of the reactions occurring between the constrained atoms may create revolutionary opportunities for designing new reactions, molecules and materials that would capture large-scale deformations to drive useful chemistry or, conversely, that would propel autonomous micro- and nanomechanical devices by coupling them to the concerted motion of atoms that convert reactants into products. Although chemists have long studied and exploited coupling between molecular strain and reactivity in small molecules, a quantitative understanding of the relationship between large-scale (>50 nm) strain and localized reactivity presents unique conceptual and experimental challenges. Below we discuss both the phenomenology and the interpretive framework of chemomechanical phenomena (102 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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32
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Schmidt SW, Kersch A, Beyer MK, Clausen-Schaumann H. Mechanically activated rupture of single covalent bonds: evidence of force induced bond hydrolysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:5994-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02827d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Kucharski TJ, Boulatov R. The physical chemistry of mechanoresponsive polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm04079g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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34
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Dopieralski P, Anjukandi P, Rückert M, Shiga M, Ribas–Arino J, Marx D. On the role of polymer chains in transducing external mechanical forces to benzocyclobutene mechanophores. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm03698f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Ribas-Arino J, Shiga M, Marx D. Mechanochemical Transduction of Externally Applied Forces to Mechanophores. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:10609-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ja104958e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ribas-Arino
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Motoyuki Shiga
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dominik Marx
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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36
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Li Y, Tong R, Xia H, Zhang H, Xuan J. High intensity focused ultrasound and redox dual responsive polymer micelles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:7739-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc02628j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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