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Oelmann JH, Heldt T, Guth L, Nauta J, Lackmann N, Wössner V, Kokh S, Pfeifer T, López-Urrutia JRC. Photoelectron tomography with an intra-cavity velocity-map imaging spectrometer at 100 MHz repetition rate. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:123303. [PMID: 36586896 DOI: 10.1063/5.0104679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We present a compact velocity-map imaging (VMI) spectrometer for photoelectron imaging at 100 MHz repetition rate. Ultrashort pulses from a near-infrared frequency comb laser are amplified in a polarization-insensitive passive femtosecond enhancement cavity. In the focus, multi-photon ionization (MPI) of gas-phase atoms is studied tomographically by rotating the laser polarization. We demonstrate the functioning of the VMI spectrometer by reconstructing photoelectron angular momentum distributions from xenon MPI. Our intra-cavity VMI setup collects electron energy spectra at high rates, with the advantage of transferring the coherence of the cavity-stabilized femtosecond pulses to the electrons. In addition, the setup will allow studies of strong-field effects in nanometric tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Oelmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Heldt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L Guth
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Nauta
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N Lackmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V Wössner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Kokh
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Pfeifer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Sparling C, Townsend D. Tomographic reconstruction techniques optimized for velocity-map imaging applications. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:114201. [PMID: 36137806 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Examples of extracting meaningful information from image projection data using tomographic reconstruction techniques can be found in many areas of science. Within the photochemical dynamics community, tomography allows for complete three-dimensional (3D) charged particle momentum distributions to be reconstructed following a photodissociation or photoionization event. This permits highly differential velocity- and angle-resolved measurements to be made simultaneously. However, the generalized tomographic reconstruction strategies typically adopted for use with photochemical imaging-based around the Fourier-slice theorem and filtered back-projection algorithms-are not optimized for these specific types of problems. Here, we discuss pre-existing alternative strategies-namely, the simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique and Hankel Transform Reconstruction (HTR)-and introduce them in the context of velocity-map imaging applications. We demonstrate the clear advantages they afford, and how they can perform considerably better than approaches commonly adopted at present. Most notably, with HTR we can set a bound on the minimum number of projections required to reliably reconstruct 3D photoproduct distributions. This bound is significantly lower than what is currently accepted and will help make tomographic imaging far more accessible and efficient for many experimentalists working in the field of photochemical dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Sparling
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Townsend
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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3
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González-Collado CM, Plésiat E, Decleva P, Palacios A, Martín F. Vibrationally resolved photoelectron angular distributions of ammonia. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:7700-7712. [PMID: 35293411 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00627h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a theoretical study of vibrationally resolved photoelectron angular distributions for ammonia in both laboratory and molecular frames, in the photon energy range up to 70 eV, where only valence and inner-valence ionization is possible. We focus on the band resulting from ionization of the 3a1 HOMO orbital leading to NH3+ in the electronic ground state, , for which the dominant vibrational progression corresponds to the activation of the umbrella inversion mode. We show that, at room temperature, the photoelectron angular distributions for randomly oriented molecules or molecules whose principal C3 symmetry axis is aligned along the light polarization direction are perfectly symmetric with respect to the plane that contains the intermediate D3h conformation connecting the pyramidal structures associated with the double-well potential of the umbrella inversion mode. These distributions exhibit symmetric, nearly perfect two-lobe shapes in the whole range of investigated photon energies. In contrast, for molecules where the initial vibrational state is localized in one of the two wells, a situation that can experimentally be achieved by introducing an external electric field, the molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions (MFPADs) are in general asymmetric, but the degree of asymmetry of the two lobes dramatically changes and oscillates with photoelectron energy. We also show that, at ultracold temperatures, where all aligned molecules initially lie in the delocalized ground vibrational state, the photoelectron angular distributions are perfectly symmetric, but the two-lobe shape is only observed when the final vibrational state of the resulting NH3+ cation has even parity. When the latter vibrational state has odd parity, the angular distributions are much more involved and, at photoelectron energies of ∼10 eV, they directly reflect the bi-pyramidal geometry of the molecule in its ground vibrational state. These results suggest that, in order to obtain structural information from MFPADs in ammonia and likely in other molecules containing a similar double-well potential, one could preferably work at ultracold temperatures, which is not the case for most molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Etienne Plésiat
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Piero Decleva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste and CNR-IOM, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alicia Palacios
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain. .,Institute of Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Forbes R, Makhija V, Veyrinas K, Stolow A, Lee JWL, Burt M, Brouard M, Vallance C, Wilkinson I, Lausten R, Hockett P. Time-resolved multi-mass ion imaging: Femtosecond UV-VUV pump-probe spectroscopy with the PImMS camera. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:013911. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4978923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruaridh Forbes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Varun Makhija
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kévin Veyrinas
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Albert Stolow
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Jason W. L. Lee
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Burt
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Brouard
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Vallance
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Methods for Material Development, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rune Lausten
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Paul Hockett
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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5
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Pengel D, Kerbstadt S, Johannmeyer D, Englert L, Bayer T, Wollenhaupt M. Electron Vortices in Femtosecond Multiphoton Ionization. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:053003. [PMID: 28211728 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.053003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton ionization of potassium atoms with a sequence of two counter-rotating circularly polarized femtosecond laser pulses produces vortex-shaped photoelectron momentum distributions in the polarization plane describing Archimedean spirals. The pulse sequences are produced by polarization shaping and the three-dimensional photoelectron distributions are tomographically reconstructed from velocity map imaging measurements. We show that perturbative ionization leads to electron vortices with c_{6} rotational symmetry. A change from c_{6} to c_{4} rotational symmetry of the vortices is demonstrated for nonperturbative interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pengel
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Physik, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - S Kerbstadt
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Physik, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - D Johannmeyer
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Physik, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - L Englert
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Physik, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - T Bayer
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Physik, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - M Wollenhaupt
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Physik, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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6
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Staniforth M, Young JD, Stavros VG. Probing Rotational Motion in 4-tert-Butylcatechol through H Atom Photofragmentation: Deviations from Axial Recoil. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:12131-7. [PMID: 26299435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b05891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The time-resolved photofragmentation dynamics of 4-tert-butylcatechol were studied following one photon excitation to the S1 (1(1)ππ*) state with ultraviolet radiation in the range 260 ≤ λ ≤ 286 nm. The preparation of an aligned molecular ensemble via photoexcitation leads to anisotropy in the H atom photofragments. These H atoms originate from the decay of the S1 state through coupling onto the S2 ((1)πσ*) state, which is dissociative along the nonintramolecular hydrogen bonded "free" O-H bond. The degree of anisotropy of these photogenerated H atoms decreases with increasing pump-probe time delay. This is attributed to rotational dephasing of the initially aligned molecular ensemble. The measured dephasing occurs on a time scale akin to the appearance time of these H atoms, which likely places an intrinsic lower bound on the dephasing lifetime. The present work demonstrates how a careful balance between the appearance time of the H atoms, determined by the S1 lifetime, and the rotational dephasing in 4-tert-butylcatechol provides an opportune window to probe rotational motion in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Staniforth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - J D Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - V G Stavros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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Dimitrovski D, Maurer J, Stapelfeldt H, Madsen LB. Low-energy photoelectrons in strong-field ionization by laser pulses with large ellipticity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:103005. [PMID: 25238357 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.103005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The 3D photoelectron momentum distributions created by the strong-field ionization of argon atoms and naphthalene molecules with intense, large ellipticity (∼0.7) femtosecond laser pulses are studied. The experiment reveals the presence of low-energy electrons for randomly oriented naphthalene, but not for argon. Our theory shows that the induced dipole part of the cationic potential facilitates the creation of the low-energy electrons. We establish the conditions in terms of laser pulse parameters and molecular properties for which this type of low-energy electrons can be observed and point to applications thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dimitrovski
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - J Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - H Stapelfeldt
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - L B Madsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Hockett P, Wollenhaupt M, Lux C, Baumert T. Complete photoionization experiments via ultrafast coherent control with polarization multiplexing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:223001. [PMID: 24949763 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.223001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) obtained from ionization of potassium atoms using moderately intense femtosecond IR fields (∼10^{12} W cm^{-2}) of various polarization states are shown to provide a route to "complete" photoionization experiments. Ionization occurs by a net three-photon absorption process, driven via the 4s→4p resonance at the one-photon level. A theoretical treatment incorporating the intrapulse electronic dynamics allows for a full set of ionization matrix elements to be extracted from 2D imaging data. 3D PADs generated from the extracted matrix elements are also compared to experimental, tomographically reconstructed, 3D photoelectron distributions, providing a sensitive test of their validity. Finally, application of the determined matrix elements to ionization via more complex, polarization-shaped, pulses is demonstrated, illustrating the utility of this methodology towards detailed understanding of complex ionization control schemes and suggesting the utility of such "multiplexed" intrapulse processes as powerful tools for measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hockett
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa K1M 1R6, Canada
| | - M Wollenhaupt
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - C Lux
- Institut für Physik, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - T Baumert
- Institut für Physik, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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9
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Weger M, Maurer J, Ludwig A, Gallmann L, Keller U. Transferring the attoclock technique to velocity map imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:21981-21990. [PMID: 24104091 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.021981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Attosecond angular streaking measurements have revealed deep insights into the timing of tunnel ionization processes of atoms in intense laser fields. So far experiments of this type have been performed only with a cold-target recoil-ion momentum spectrometer (COLTRIMS). Here, we present a way to apply attosecond angular streaking experiments to a velocity map imaging spectrometer (VMIS) with few-cycle pulses at a repetition rate of 10 kHz and a high ionization yield per pulse. Three-dimensional photoelectron momentum distributions from strong-field ionization of helium with an elliptically polarized, sub-10-fs pulse were retrieved by tomographic reconstruction from the momentum space electron images and used for the analysis in the polarization plane.
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10
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Wu J, Gong X, Kunitski M, Amankona-Diawuo FK, Schmidt LPH, Jahnke T, Czasch A, Seideman T, Dörner R. Strong field multiple ionization as a route to electron dynamics in a van der Waals cluster. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:083003. [PMID: 24010435 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.083003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We study the order in which a strong laser field removes multiple electrons from a van der Waals (vdW) cluster. The N2Ar, with an equilibrium T-shaped geometry, contains both a covalent and a vdW bond and serves as a simple yet rich example. Interestingly, the fragmenting double and triple ionizations of N2Ar with vdW bond breaking are favored when the vdW bond is aligned along the laser field polarization vector. However, the orientation of the covalent bond with respect to the laser field rules the triple ionization when both the covalent and vdW bonds are simultaneously broken. Electron-localization-assisted enhanced ionization and molecular orbital profile-dominated, orientation-dependent ionization are discussed to reveal the order of electrons release from different sites of N2Ar.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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11
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Maurer J, Dimitrovski D, Christensen L, Madsen LB, Stapelfeldt H. Molecular-frame 3D photoelectron momentum distributions by tomographic reconstruction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:123001. [PMID: 23005943 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.123001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Naphthalene molecules are fixed in space by a laser field and rotated, in 2° steps, over 180°. For each orientation, they are ionized by an intense, circularly polarized femtosecond laser pulse, and the 2D projection of the photoelectron momentum distribution is recorded. The molecular-frame 3D momentum distribution is obtained by tomographic reconstruction from all 90 projections. It reveals an anisotropic electron distribution, angularly shifted in the polarization plane, that is not accessible by the 2D momentum images. Our theoretical analysis shows that the magnitude of the angular shift is very sensitive to the exact form of the laser-modified molecular potential.
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12
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Bodi A, Hemberger P, Gerber T, Sztáray B. A new double imaging velocity focusing coincidence experiment: i2PEPICO. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:083105. [PMID: 22938272 DOI: 10.1063/1.4742769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) beamline of the Swiss Light Source has been upgraded after two years of operation. A new, turntable-type monochromator was constructed at the Paul Scherrer Institut, which allows for fast yaw-alignment as well as quick grating change and exchange. In addition to the original imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence endstation (iPEPICO), a second, complementary double imaging setup (i(2)PEPICO) has been built. Volatile samples can be introduced at room temperature or in a molecular beam, a pyrolysis source allows for radical production, and non-volatile solids can be evaporated in a heated cell. Monochromatic VUV radiation ionizes the sample and both photoelectrons and photoions are velocity map imaged onto two fast position sensitive detectors and detected in delayed coincidence. High intensity synchrotron radiation leads to ionization rates above 10(5) s(-1). New data acquisition and processing approaches are discussed for recording coincidence processes at high rates. The setup is capable of resolving pulsed molecular beam profiles and the synchrotron time structure temporally. The latter is shown by photoelectron autocorrelation, which displays both the 1.04 MHz ring clock frequency as well as resolving the micro-pulses with a separation of 2 ns. Kinetic energy release analysis on the dissociative photoionization of CF(4) indicates a dissociation mechanism change in the Franck-Condon allowed energy range of the first ion state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Bodi
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland.
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13
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Reid KL. Photoelectron angular distributions: developments in applications to isolated molecular systems. Mol Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2011.640292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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14
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Editorial. Mol Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2011.646415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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Hockett P, Staniforth M, Reid KL. Photoionization Dynamics of Ammonia (B1E′′): Dependence on Ionizing Photon Energy and Initial Vibrational Level. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:11330-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp104623m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hockett
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Staniforth
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine L. Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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