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Valdivia-Berroeta GA, Gonnella NC. N-oxidation Regioselectivity and Risk Prediction Using DFT-ALIE Calculations. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1873-1883. [PMID: 37386273 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The formation of N-oxide degradants is a major concern in development of new drugs due to potential effects on a compound's pharmacological activity. Such effects include but are not limited to solubility, stability, toxicity, and efficacy. In addition, these chemical transformations can impact physicochemical properties that affect drug manufacturability. Hence identification and control of N-oxide transformations is of critical importance in the development of new therapeutics. OBJECTIVE This study describes the development of an in-silico approach to identify N-oxide formation in APIs with respect to autoxidation. METHODS Average Local Ionization Energy (ALIE) calculations were carried out using molecular modeling techniques and application of Density Functional Theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. A total of 257 nitrogen atoms and 15 different oxidizable nitrogen types were used in developing this method. RESULTS The results show that ALIE could be reliably used to predict the most susceptible nitrogen for N-oxide formation. A risk scale was developed that rapidly categorizes nitrogen's oxidative vulnerabilities as small, medium, or high. CONCLUSIONS The developed process presents a powerful tool to identify structural susceptibilities for N-oxidation as well as enabling rapid structure elucidation in resolving potential experimental ambiguities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Valdivia-Berroeta
- Department of Material and Analytical Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., P.O. Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA.
| | - Nina C Gonnella
- Department of Material and Analytical Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., P.O. Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA.
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2
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Jia C, Li Y, Zhang S, Fei T, Pang S. Thermogravimetric analysis, kinetic study, and pyrolysis-GC/MS analysis of 1,1'-azobis-1,2,3-triazole and 4,4'-azobis-1,2,4-triazole. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:22. [PMID: 29492772 PMCID: PMC5833888 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In general, the greater the number of directly linked nitrogen atoms in a molecule, the better its energetic performance, while the stability will be accordingly lower. But 1,1'-azobis-1,2,3-triazole (1) and 4,4'-azobis-1,2,4-triazole (2) show remarkable properties, such as high enthalpies of formation, high melting points, and relatively high stabilities. In order to rationalize this unexpected behavior of the two compounds, it is necessary to study their thermal decompositions and pyrolyses. Although a great deal of research has been focused on the synthesis and characterization of energetic materials with 1 and 2 as the backbone, a complete report on their fundamental thermodynamic parameters and thermal decomposition properties has not been published. METHODS Thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry were used to obtain the thermal decomposition data of the title compounds. Kissinger and Ozawa-Doyle methods, the two selected non-isothermal methods, are presented for analysis of the solid-state kinetic data. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to study the pyrolysis process of the title compounds. RESULTS The DSC curves show that the thermal decompositions of 1 and 2 are at different heating rates involved a single exothermic process. The TG curves provide insight into the total weight losses from the compounds associated with this process. At different pyrolysis temperatures, the compositions and types of the pyrolysis products differ greatly and the pyrolysis reaction at 500 °C is more thorough than 400 °C. CONCLUSIONS Apparent activation energies (E) and pre-exponential factors (lnA/s-1) are 291.4 kJ mol-1 and 75.53 for 1; 396.2 kJ mol-1 and 80.98 for 2 (Kissinger). The values of E are 284.5 kJ mol-1 for 1 and 386.1 kJ mol-1 for 2 (Ozawa-Doyle). The critical temperature of thermal explosion (T b ) is evaluated as 187.01 °C for 1 and 282.78 °C for 2. The title compounds were broken into small fragment ions under the pyrolysis conditions, which then might undergo a multitude of collisions and numerous other reactions, resulting in the formation of C2N2 (m/z 52), etc., before being analyzed by the GC/MS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuchuan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Teng Fei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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Pagoria P, Zhang M, Zuckerman N, Lee G, Mitchell A, DeHope A, Gash A, Coon C, Gallagher P. Synthetic Studies of 2,6‐Diamino‐3,5‐Dinitropyrazine‐ 1‐Oxide (LLM‐105) from Discovery to Multi‐Kilogram Scale. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201700182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Pagoria
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Mao‐Xi Zhang
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Nathaniel Zuckerman
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Gregory Lee
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Alexander Mitchell
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Alan DeHope
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Alexander Gash
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Clifford Coon
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Patrick Gallagher
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
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Voronin AA, Churakov AM, Klenov MS, Strelenko YA, Fedyanin IV, Tartakovsky VA. Synthesis of 1,2,3,4-Tetrazine 1,3-Dioxides Annulated with 1(2)-Aryl-1,2,3-triazoles. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Voronin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr M. Churakov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Michael S. Klenov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Yurii A. Strelenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Ivan V. Fedyanin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; 28 Vavilova St. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A. Tartakovsky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
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6
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Yuan J, Long X, Zhang C. Influence of N-Oxide Introduction on the Stability of Nitrogen-Rich Heteroaromatic Rings: A Quantum Chemical Study. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9446-9457. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b08852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yuan
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P.O. Box 919-327, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Xinping Long
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P.O. Box 919-327, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P.O. Box 919-327, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
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Klenov MS, Guskov AA, Anikin OV, Churakov AM, Strelenko YA, Fedyanin IV, Lyssenko KA, Tartakovsky VA. Synthesis of Tetrazino-tetrazine 1,3,6,8-Tetraoxide (TTTO). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Klenov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A. Guskov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Oleg V. Anikin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr M. Churakov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Yurii A. Strelenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Ivan V. Fedyanin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; 28 Vavilova St. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A. Lyssenko
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; 28 Vavilova St. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A. Tartakovsky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
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Klenov MS, Guskov AA, Anikin OV, Churakov AM, Strelenko YA, Fedyanin IV, Lyssenko KA, Tartakovsky VA. Synthesis of Tetrazino-tetrazine 1,3,6,8-Tetraoxide (TTTO). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11472-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Klenov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A. Guskov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Oleg V. Anikin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr M. Churakov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Yurii A. Strelenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Ivan V. Fedyanin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; 28 Vavilova St. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A. Lyssenko
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; 28 Vavilova St. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A. Tartakovsky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
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9
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Lai WP, Lian P, Ge ZX, Liu YZ, Yu T, Lv J. Theoretical study of the effect of N-oxides on the performances of energetic compounds. J Mol Model 2016; 22:83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-2951-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Tan B, Huang M, Long X, Li J, Fan G. Computational assessment of several hydrogen-free high energy compounds. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 63:85-90. [PMID: 26705845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tetrazino-tetrazine-tetraoxide (TTTO) is an attractive high energy compound, but unfortunately, it is not yet experimentally synthesized so far. Isomerization of TTTO leads to its five isomers, bond-separation energies were empolyed to compare the global stability of six compounds, it is found that isomer 1 has the highest bond-separation energy (1204.6kJ/mol), compared with TTTO (1151.2kJ/mol); thermodynamic properties of six compounds were theoretically calculated, including standard formation enthalpies (solid and gaseous), standard fusion enthalpies, standard vaporation enthalpies, standard sublimation enthalpies, lattice energies and normal melting points, normal boiling points; their detonation performances were also computed, including detonation heat (Q, cal/g), detonation velocity (D, km/s), detonation pressure (P, GPa) and impact sensitivity (h50, cm), compared with TTTO (Q=1311.01J/g, D=9.228km/s, P=40.556GPa, h50=12.7cm), isomer 5 exhibites better detonation performances (Q=1523.74J/g, D=9.389km/s, P=41.329GPa, h50= 28.4cm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisheng Tan
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, PR China.
| | - Ming Huang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, PR China
| | - Xinping Long
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, PR China
| | - Jinshan Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, PR China
| | - Guijuan Fan
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, PR China
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11
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Ehlers D, Klapötke TM, Pflüger C. Investigations of the Vicarious C-Aminations of 5,7-Dinitrobenzotriazole and 4,6-Dinitrobenzotriazol-3-ium-1-oxide and Their Energetic Properties. Chemistry 2015; 21:16073-82. [PMID: 26397388 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This combined experimental and theoretical study details the vicarious nucleophilic substitution by amination of 5,7-dinitrobenzotriazol (1) and 4,6-dinitrobenzotriazole-3-ium-1-oxide (4) with trimethylhydrazinium iodide to afford the new corresponding one- and two-time aminated compounds and investigations of its mechanism by EPR spectroscopy. The preferred position for the first amination is computed by spin density population and verified by X-ray crystallography. The zwitterionic structure of 4 is investigated in solution by (1) H NMR spectroscopy and in solid state by X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the crystal structure of 1 is presented. The energetic behavior of the aminated products as well as the starting materials 1 and 4 was investigated, regarding sensitivities and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Ehlers
- Department of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstrasse 1, 86135 Augsburg (Germany)
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich (Germany).
| | - Carolin Pflüger
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich (Germany)
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12
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Zhao X, Qi C, Zhang R, Zhang S, Li S, Pang S. The stability and decomposition mechanism of the catenated nitrogen compounds. J Mol Model 2015; 21:223. [PMID: 26252973 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2766-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Through theoretical calculation and experimental data, the decomposition mechanism of the N,N'-azo azole poly-nitrogen compounds were obtained. The compounds with the decomposition caused by the rupture of the -N-N=N-N- bridge are more stable than the ones with the ring-opening decomposition mechanisms. The catenated -N-N=N-N- bridge can strengthen the stability of the nitrogen chain. Preventing the hybridization change of the N atom where the ring-opening reaction occurs is essential for the nitrogen chain elongation on the ring system. Moreover, the introduction of energetic substituents like nitro group can further improve the performances of poly-nitrogen compounds; and such a modification should be based on a stable poly-nitrogen backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Zhao
- School of Material Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
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13
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Yang J, Gong X, Wang G. Structure, energetic performance, and decomposition mechanism of four azidoazoles. Struct Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-015-0565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Quantum-chemical design of tetrazolo[1,5-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazine based nitrogen-rich energetic materials. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Wu Q, Xiong G, Liu Z, Xiang D, Yang C, Zhu W, Xiao H. Improving an insensitive low-energy compound, 1,3,4,6,7,9-hexaazacycl[3.3.3]azine, to be an insensitive high explosive by way of two-step structural modifications. CAN J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We improved an insensitive low-energy compound, 1,3,4,6,7,9-hexaazacycl[3.3.3]azine (HAA), to be an insensitive high explosive by a useful approach of two-step structural modifications. First, the three carbon atoms in HAA are substituted by three new nitrogen atoms symmetrically to form a new energetic compound, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-nonaazacycl[3.3.3]azine (NAA). Then, introducing three N-oxides into NAA symmetrically generates another new energetic compound, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-nonaazacycl[3.3.3]azine-2,5,8-trioxides (NAATO). The energetic properties and sensitivity of NAATO were studied by using density functional theory. The results indicate that NAATO has higher detonation performance than RDX and comparative sensitivity to TNT, indicating that it has outstanding overall performance and may be considered as a potential candidate of insensitive high explosives. Thus, the insensitive low-energy compound HAA was successfully improved to be an insensitive high explosive by the two-step structural modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Guolin Xiong
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zhichao Liu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Dong Xiang
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Chunhong Yang
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Heming Xiao
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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Theoretical studies on vicinal-tetrazine compounds: furoxano-1,2,3,4-tetrazine-1,3,5-trioxide (FTTO-α) and furoxano-1,2,3,4-tetrazine-1,3,7-trioxide (FTTO-β). J Mol Model 2014; 20:2516. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Wu Q, Zhu W, Xiao H. Searching for a new family of insensitive high explosives by introducing N hybridization and N-oxides into a cage cubane. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2483. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Quantum chemical studies on three novel 1,2,4-triazole N-oxides as potential insensitive high explosives. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2441. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Lai WP, Lian P, Yu T, Bu JH, Liu YZ, Zhu WL, Lv J, GE ZX. Theoretical study on the structure and stability of [1,2,5] oxadiazolo [3,4-e] [1,2,3,4]-tetrazine-4,6-Di-N-dioxide (FTDO). J Mol Model 2014; 20:2343. [PMID: 24980985 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although many 1,2,3,4-tetrazine-1,3-dioxide derivates have been synthesized, [1,2,5] oxadiazolo [3,4-e] [1,2,3,4]-tetrazine-4,6-di-N-dioxide (FTDO) is the only one with high enthalpy of formation and high detonation velocity. Whereas, its stability has not been studied. In the present work, the structure of FTDO was investigated using density functional theory (DFT) method, and its stability was calculated by potential energy surface scanning and structure interconvert thermodynamics under different temperatures. The spontaneous isomerization of FTDO and its effect on the stability of FTDO were investigated. The dissociation of FTDO to N2, N2O and furoxan fragments was studied, and the possibility of synthetic route from FTDO to TTTO was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Peng Lai
- Xi'an modern chemistry research institute, Xi'an, 710065, P. R. China,
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