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Shaw EV, Chester AM, Robertson GP, Castillo-Blas C, Bennett TD. Synthetic and analytical considerations for the preparation of amorphous metal-organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10689-10712. [PMID: 39027308 PMCID: PMC11253190 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01433b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are hybrid porous materials presenting several tuneable properties, allowing them to be utilised for a wide range of applications. To date, focus has been on the preparation of novel crystalline MOFs for specific applications. Recently, interest in amorphous MOFs (aMOFs), defined by their lack of correlated long-range order, is growing. This is due to their potential favourable properties compared to their crystalline equivalents, including increased defect concentration, improved processability and gas separation ability. Direct synthesis of these disordered materials presents an alternative method of preparation to post-synthetic amorphisation of a crystalline framework, potentially allowing for the preparation of aMOFs with varying compositions and structures, and very different properties to crystalline MOFs. This perspective summarises current literature on directly synthesised aMOFs, and proposes methods that could be utilised to modify existing syntheses for crystalline MOFs to form their amorphous counterparts. It outlines parameters that could discourage the ordering of crystalline MOFs, before examining the potential properties that could emerge. Methodologies of structural characterisation are discussed, in addition to the necessary analyses required to define a topologically amorphous structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily V Shaw
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge UK
| | - Ashleigh M Chester
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge UK
| | - Georgina P Robertson
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge UK
| | - Celia Castillo-Blas
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge UK
| | - Thomas D Bennett
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge UK
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Lai B, Liu S, Cahir J, Sun Y, Yin H, Youngs T, Tan JC, Fonrouge SF, Pópolo MGD, Borioni JL, Crawford DE, Alexander FM, Li C, Bell SEJ, Murrer B, James SL. Liquids with High Compressibility. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2306521. [PMID: 37643739 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Compressibility is a fundamental property of all materials. For fluids, that is, gases and liquids, compressibility forms the basis of technologies such as pneumatics and hydraulics and determines basic phenomena such as the propagation of sound and shock waves. In contrast to gases, liquids are almost incompressible. If the compressibility of liquids could be increased and controlled, new applications in hydraulics and shock absorption could result. Here, it is shown that dispersing hydrophobic porous particles into water gives aqueous suspensions with much greater compressibilities than any normal liquids such as water (specifically, up to 20 times greater over certain pressure ranges). The increased compressibility results from water molecules being forced into the hydrophobic pores of the particles under applied pressure. The degree of compression can be controlled by varying the amount of porous particles added. Also, the pressure range of compression can be reduced by adding methanol or increased by adding salt. In all cases, the liquids expand back to their original volume when the applied pressure is released. The approach shown here is simple and economical and could potentially be scaled up to give large amounts of highly compressible liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Lai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Siyuan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - John Cahir
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Yueting Sun
- School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Haixia Yin
- School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tristan Youngs
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Jin-Chong Tan
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Sergio F Fonrouge
- ICB-CONICET & Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, CP5500, Argentina
| | - Mario G Del Pópolo
- ICB-CONICET & Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, CP5500, Argentina
| | - José L Borioni
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Deborah E Crawford
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Francesca M Alexander
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Chunchun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Steven E J Bell
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Barry Murrer
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Stuart L James
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, UK
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Castillo-Blas C, Moreno JM, Romero-Muñiz I, Platero-Prats AE. Applications of pair distribution function analyses to the emerging field of non-ideal metal-organic framework materials. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:15577-15587. [PMID: 32510095 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01673j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pair distribution function, PDF, analyses are emerging as a powerful tool to characterize non-ideal metal-organic framework (MOF) materials with compromised ordering. Although originally envisaged as crystalline porous architectures, MOFs can incorporate defects in their structures through either chemistry or mechanical stress, resulting in materials with unpredicted novel properties. Indeed, a wide variety of current non-ideal MOFs have disorder in their structures to some extent, thereby often lacking crystals. Typically, PDF experiments are performed using high-energy synchrotron X-rays or neutrons to achieve a superior high atomic resolution in short times. The PDF technique analyses both Bragg and diffuse scattering signals simultaneously, without being restricted to crystalline materials. This characteristic makes PDF analyses a powerful probe to address the structural characterization of non-ideal MOF materials both at the local and intermediate range scales, including under in situ conditions relevant to MOF synthesis, activation and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Castillo-Blas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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