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Meriç N, Kar E, Kar F. 4-Methylthiazole triggers apoptosis and mitochondrial disruption in HL-60 cells. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:997. [PMID: 39297923 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09939-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiazole derivatives are gaining prominence in cancer research due to their potent anti-cancer effects and multifaceted biological activities. In leukemia research, these compounds are particularly studied for their ability to induce apoptosis, disrupt mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and modulate cell signaling pathways. METHODS AND RESULTS This study investigates the efficacy of 4-Methylthiazole in inducing apoptosis in HL-60 leukemia cells. Apoptosis was quantified via flow cytometry using FITC Annexin V and propidium iodide staining. Mitochondrial disruption was evaluated through alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) as measured by the JC-1 assay. The compound significantly disrupted MMP, activated Caspase-3, and induced the release of Cytochrome C, all of which are critical markers of apoptosis (****p < 0.0001, ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05). Additionally, treatment with 4-Methylthiazole markedly reduced CD45 and CD123 surface markers, indicating significant phenotypic alterations in leukemia cells (****p < 0.0001). High-dose treatment with 4-Methylthiazole significantly increased ROS levels, suggesting elevated oxidative stress and the presence of intracellular free radicals, contributing to its cytotoxic effects (*p < 0.05). A significant rise in TNF-α levels was observed post-treatment, indicating a pro-inflammatory response that may further inhibit leukemia cell viability. While IL-6 levels remained unchanged, a dose-dependent decrease in IL-10 levels was noted, suggesting a reduction in immunosuppressive conditions within the tumor microenvironment (*p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Overall, 4-Methylthiazole targets leukemia cells through multiple apoptotic mechanisms and modifies the immune landscape of the tumor microenvironment, enhancing its therapeutic potential. This study highlights the need for further clinical investigation to fully exploit the potential of thiazole derivatives in leukemia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Meriç
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Kütahya, Turkey.
| | - Ezgi Kar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Fatih Kar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Kütahya, Turkey
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2
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Antonelli E, Gougoula E, Walker NR, Schwell M, Nguyen HVL, Kleiner I. A global rho-axis method for fitting asymmetric tops with one methyl internal rotor and two 14N nuclei: Application of BELGI-2N to the microwave spectra of four methylimidazole isomers. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:214309. [PMID: 38836784 DOI: 10.1063/5.0207944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
A number of internal rotation codes can deal with the combination of one or two internal rotors with one 14N quadrupole nucleus, but once it comes to two 14N nuclei, no such code is available even for the case of one internal rotor. We present here the extension of our internal rotor program called BELGI-2N using the rho-axis method global approach to deal with compounds containing one methyl rotor and two weakly coupling 14N nuclei. To test our new code, we applied it to the microwave data recorded for N-methylimidazole, 2-methylimidazole, 4-methylimidazole, and 5-methylimidazole using a chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave spectrometer in the 7.0-18.5 GHz frequency range. Compared to the previously published study, BELGI-2N was able to (i) significantly increase the number of assigned and fitted lines, (ii) fit the complete datasets considering both the internal rotation and the 14N nuclear quadrupole coupling effects simultaneously, and (iii) achieve standard deviations within the measurement accuracy for all methylimidazole isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléonore Antonelli
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Eva Gougoula
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R Walker
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Schwell
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Ha Vinh Lam Nguyen
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75231 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Kleiner
- Université Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, LISA, F-75013 Paris, France
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Khemissi S, Schwell M, Kleiner I, Nguyen HVL. Approaching the free rotor limit: extremely low methyl torsional barrier observed in the microwave spectrum of 2,4-dimethylfluorobenzene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:402-411. [PMID: 38078469 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04748b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The microwave spectrum of 2,4-dimethylfluorobenzene was recorded using a molecular jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometer in the frequency range from 2.0 to 26.5 GHz. The spectral assignment and modeling were challenging due to the large tunnelling splittings resulting from the very low barrier to internal rotation of the p-methyl group that approaches the free rotor limit. Internal rotation splittings arising from two inequivalent o- and p-methyl groups were observed, analysed and modelled using the modified version of the XIAM code and the BELGI-Cs-2Tops code, giving a root-mean-square deviation of 549.1 kHz and 4.5 kHz, respectively, for a data set of 885 rotational lines. The torsional barriers of the o- and p-methyl groups were determined to be 227.039(51) cm-1 and 3.23(40) cm-1, respectively. The V3 barrier observed for the p-methyl group is lower than in any other para-methyl substituted toluene derivatives with coupled internal rotations, becoming the lowest value ever observed to date. The barrier to internal rotation of the o-methyl group next to a fluorine atom is consistently around 220 cm-1, as confirmed by comparing it to barriers observed in other toluene derivatives. The experimental rotational constants were compared to those obtained by quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Khemissi
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France.
| | - Martin Schwell
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France.
| | - Isabelle Kleiner
- Université Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, LISA, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Ha Vinh Lam Nguyen
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75231 Paris, France
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Hadki HE, Koziol KJ, Kabbaj OK, Komiha N, Kleiner I, Nguyen HVL. The Microwave Rotational Electric Resonance (RER) Spectrum of Benzothiazole. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083419. [PMID: 37110653 PMCID: PMC10146593 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The microwave spectra of benzothiazole were measured in the frequency range 2-26.5 GHz using a pulsed molecular jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. Hyperfine splittings arising from the quadrupole coupling of the 14N nucleus were fully resolved and analyzed simultaneously with the rotational frequencies. In total, 194 and 92 hyperfine components of the main species and the 34S isotopologue, respectively, were measured and fitted to measurement accuracy using a semi-rigid rotor model supplemented by a Hamiltonian accounting for the 14N nuclear quadrupole coupling effect. Highly accurate rotational constants, centrifugal distortion constants, and 14N nuclear quadrupole coupling constants were deduced. A large number of method and basis set combinations were used to optimize the molecular geometry of benzothiazole, and the calculated rotational constants were compared with the experimentally determined constants in the course of a benchmarking effort. The similar value of the χcc quadrupole coupling constant when compared to other thiazole derivatives indicates only very small changes of the electronic environment at the nitrogen nucleus in these compounds. The small negative inertial defect of -0.056 uÅ2 hints that low-frequency out-of-plane vibrations are present in benzothiazole, similar to the observation for some other planar aromatic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza El Hadki
- Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modeling, Materials, Nanomaterials, Water, and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Av Ibn Battouta, Rabat B.P. 1014, Morocco
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Kenneth J Koziol
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Oum Keltoum Kabbaj
- Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modeling, Materials, Nanomaterials, Water, and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Av Ibn Battouta, Rabat B.P. 1014, Morocco
| | - Najia Komiha
- Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modeling, Materials, Nanomaterials, Water, and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Av Ibn Battouta, Rabat B.P. 1014, Morocco
| | - Isabelle Kleiner
- Université Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, LISA, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ha Vinh Lam Nguyen
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, 94010 Créteil, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris, France
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Sutikdja LW, Nguyen HVL, Jelisavac D, Stahl W, Mouhib H. Benchmarking quantum chemical methods for accurate gas-phase structure predictions of carbonyl compounds: the case of ethyl butyrate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7688-7696. [PMID: 36857713 PMCID: PMC10015624 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05774c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution spectroscopy techniques play a pivotal role to validate and efficiently benchmark available methods from quantum chemistry. In this work, we analyzed the microwave spectrum of ethyl butyrate within the scope of a systematic investigation to benchmark state-of-the-art exchange-correlation functionals and ab initio methods, to accurately predict the lowest energy conformers of carbonyl compounds in their isolated state. Under experimental conditions, we observed two distinct conformers, one of Cs and one of C1 symmetry. As reported earlier in the cases of some ethyl and methyl alkynoates, structural optimizations of the most abundant conformer that exhibits a C1 symmetry proved extremely challenging for several quantum chemical levels. To probe the sensitivity of different methods and basis sets, we use the identified soft-degree of freedom in proximity to the carbonyl group as an order parameter. The results of our study provide useful insight for spectroscopists to select an adapted method for structure prediction of carbonyl compounds based on their available computational resources, suggesting a reasonable trade-off between accuracy and CPU cost. At the same time, our observations and the resulting sets of highly accurate experimental constants from high-resolution spectroscopy experiments give an appeal to theoretical groups to look further into this seemingly simple family of chemical compounds, which may prove useful for the further development and parametrization of theoretical methods in computational chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian W Sutikdja
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ha Vinh Lam Nguyen
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010, Créteil, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75231, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Dragan Jelisavac
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Stahl
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Halima Mouhib
- Department of Computer Science, VU Bioinformatics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1111, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Nguyen HVL, Caminati W, Grabow JU. The LAM of the Rings: Large Amplitude Motions in Aromatic Molecules Studied by Microwave Spectroscopy. Molecules 2022; 27:3948. [PMID: 35745072 PMCID: PMC9230607 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Large amplitude motions (LAMs) form a fundamental phenomenon that demands the development of specific theoretical and Hamiltonian models. In recent years, along with the strong progress in instrumental techniques on high-resolution microwave spectroscopy and computational capacity in quantum chemistry, studies on LAMs have become very diverse. Larger and more complex molecular systems have been taken under investigation, ranging from series of heteroaromatic molecules from five- and six-membered rings to polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbon derivatives. Such systems are ideally suited to create families of molecules in which the positions and the number of LAMs can be varied, while the heteroatoms often provide a sufficient dipole moment to the systems to warrant the observation of their rotational spectra. This review will summarize three types of LAMs: internal rotation, inversion tunneling, and ring puckering, which are frequently observed in aromatic five-membered rings such as furan, thiophene, pyrrole, thiazole, and oxazole derivatives, in aromatic six-membered rings such as benzene, pyridine, and pyrimidine derivatives, and larger combined rings such as naphthalene, indole, and indan derivatives. For each molecular class, we will present the representatives and summarize the recent insights on the molecular structure and internal dynamics and how they help to advance the field of quantum mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Vinh Lam Nguyen
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75231 Paris, France
| | - Walther Caminati
- Departimento di Chimica ‘G. Ciamican’, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Jens-Uwe Grabow
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie, Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 3A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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