Measurement of the electric quadrupole moments of CO2, CO, N2, Cl2 and BF3

Boosting CO2 and benzene adsorption through π-hole substitution in β-diketonate Cu(ii) complex within non-porous adaptive crystals

The effect of quadrupole moments in non-porous adaptive crystals of fully, partially, and non-fluorinated β-diketonate Cu(ii) complexes on CO2 and hydrocarbon adsorption was systematically investigated using structurally similar models with distinct electronic properties. The fully fluorinated complex significantly enhanced CO2 adsorption, particularly at low pressures (<0.1 P/P 0), achieving a 1 : 1 stoichiometric ratio through quadrupole interactions, where the positively polarized regions of electrostatic potentials (ESPs) on the Cu(ii) center and pentafluorophenyl rings facilitated CO2 binding via its quadrupole nature. The perfluorinated complex also exhibited a stepwise vapor adsorption of benzene (C6H6), exhibiting distinct hysteresis and a 1 : 3 stoichiometric ratio, driven by M⋯π and π-hole⋯π interactions. In contrast, the partially fluorinated complex and non-fluorinated [Cu(dbm)2] (dbm = dibenzoylmethanido-) showed significantly reduced adsorption capabilities, reflecting the critical role of quadrupole moments and charge distribution in molecular recognition. The poor guest insertion of hexafluorobenzene (C6F6) into the perfluorinated complex highlighted the impact of electrostatic repulsion between similarly positive quadrupole moments. The gas adsorption studies further demonstrated differences in the kinetics and adsorption behavior of CO2, C2H n (n = 2, 4, 6), and aromatic vapors, underscoring the importance of quadrupole design. These findings provide a rational framework for the development of advanced host-guest materials tailored for selective adsorption and separation applications.

Maxwellianization of Positrons Cooling in CF_{4} and N_{2} Gases

Positron cooling in CF_{4} and N_{2} gases via inelastic vibrational and rotational (de)excitations is simulated, importantly including elastic positron-positron collisions. For CF_{4}, it is shown that rotational (de)excitations play no role on the experimental timescale, and further, that in the absence of positron-positron collisions, cooling via excitation of the dipole-active ν_{3} and ν_{4} modes alone would lead to a non-Maxwellian positron momentum distribution, in contrast to the observations of experiment. It is shown that the observed Maxwellianization of the distribution may be effected by positron-positron collisions and/or cooling involving the combination of the dipole-inactive ν_{1} mode with the dipole-active modes. For N_{2}, rotational excitations alone are sufficient to Maxwellianize the distribution (vibrational effects are negligible).

Recent Advances in Catalysis Based on Transition Metals Supported on Zeolites

This article reviews the current state and development of thermal catalytic processes using transition metals (TM) supported on zeolites (TM/Z), as well as the contribution of theoretical studies to understand the details of the catalytic processes. Structural features inherent to zeolites, and their corresponding properties such as ion exchange capacity, stable and very regular microporosity, the ability to create additional mesoporosity, as well as the potential chemical modification of their properties by isomorphic substitution of tetrahedral atoms in the crystal framework, make them unique catalyst carriers. New methods that modify zeolites, including sequential ion exchange, multiple isomorphic substitution, and the creation of hierarchically porous structures both during synthesis and in subsequent stages of post-synthetic processing, continue to be discovered. TM/Z catalysts can be applied to new processes such as CO₂ capture/conversion, methane activation/conversion, selective catalytic NO_x reduction (SCR-deNO_x), catalytic depolymerization, biomass conversion and H₂ production/storage.

Potassium and Zeolitic Structure Modified Ultra-microporous Adsorbent Materials from a Renewable Feedstock with Favorable Surface Chemistry for CO2 Capture

Novel hierarchically structured microporous biocarbons with exceptionally high capacities for CO₂ capture have been synthesized from the abundant agricultural waste of rice husk (RH), using a facile methodology that effectively integrated carbonization, activation, and potassium intercalation into a one-step process. Textural characterization demonstrates that the synthesized biocarbons exhibit exceedingly high ultra-microporosity accounting for up to 95% of total porosity mainly as a result of the naturally occurring silicon compounds within the RH molecular framework structures. With a modest surface area of up to 1035 m²/g and a total pore volume of 0.43 cm³/g, the best performing RH carbon has shown exceptionally high and fully reversible CO₂ uptake capacity of 2.0 mmol/g at 25 °C and a CO₂ partial pressure of 0.15 bar, which represents one of the highest uptakes ever reported for both carbon and MOF materials usually prepared from using cost-prohibitive precursor materials with cumbersome methodologies. It has been found that up to 50% of the total CO₂ uptake is attributable to the unique surface chemistry of the RH carbons, which appears to be dominated by the enhanced formation of extra-framework potassium cations owing to the exceedingly high levels of ultra-microporosity and the presence of zeolitic structures incorporated within the carbon matrices. Characterizations by EDX element mapping, XPS, and heat of adsorption measurements confirm the existence of a range of zeolitic structures, which essentially transforms the RH carbons into a kind of zeolite-carbon nanocomposite material with strong surface affinity for CO₂.

Molecular dynamics simulation of halogen bonding in Cl2, BrCl, and mixed Cl2/Br2 clathrate hydrates

Clathrate hydrate phases of dihalogen molecules have properties that differ from those of other guest molecules of similar size. The water oxygen–chlorine distances in the structure I (sI) Cl2 hydrate are smaller than the sum of the van der Waals radii of oxygen and chlorine. Bromine hydrate forms a unique clathrate hydrate structure that is not seen in other guest substances. In mixed Cl2/Br2 structure I hydrate, the water oxygen–bromine distances are also smaller than the sum of the oxygen and bromine van der Waals radii. We previously studied the structure of three dihalogen clathrate hydrates using single crystal X-ray diffraction and described these structural features in terms of halogen bonding between the dihalogen and water molecules. In this work, we perform molecular dynamics simulations of cubic sI Cl2, mixed Cl2/Br2, and BrCl clathrate hydrate phases. We perform quantum chemical computations on the dihalogen molecules to determine the nature of σ-hole near the halogen atoms. We fit the electrostatic potential of the molecules to point charge models including dummy atoms that represent σ-holes adjacent to the halogen molecules. Molecular dynamics simulations are used to determine the lattice constants, radial distribution functions, and guest dynamics in these phases. We determine the effect of guest size and difference in halogen bonding on the properties of the clathrate hydrate phase. Simulations for the Cl2, BrCl, and mixed Cl2/Br2 hydrates are performed with small cages of the sI clathrate hydrate phases completely full or filled with experimental occupancies with Cl2 guests.

Quadrupole moment function and absolute infrared quadrupolar intensities for N2

High level ab initio methods have been used to calculate values of the quadrupole moment of the ground X (1)Sigmag+ state of N2 on a dense radial mesh spanning the interval of 0.8-12.1 a.u. Detailed convergence tests indicate that the resulting equilibrium values of the quadrupole moment Theta(e)=-1.1273 a.u. and its first radial derivative dTheta(R)/dR/e=0.9604 a.u. have absolute uncertainties of 0.3% and 0.8%, respectively, and are more accurate than the best experimental values of these quantities. The calculated quadrupole moment function, together with a recently reported accurate analytic empirical potential energy function [Le Roy et al., J. Chem. Phys. 125, 164310 (2006)], is used to generate values of the radial matrix elements determining the absolute intensities of infrared vibration-rotation transitions of ground-state N2, which take full account of vibration-rotation interactions. These results should improve the reliability of the interpretations of N2 contributions to infrared atmospheric spectra.

A computational study of some electric and magnetic properties of gaseous BF3 and BCl3

We present the results of an extended computational study of the electric and magnetic properties connected to Cotton-Mouton birefringences, on the trifluoro- and trichloroborides in the gas phase. The electric dipole polarizabilities, magnetizabilities, quadrupole moments, and higher-order hypersusceptibilities--expressed as quadratic and cubic frequency-dependent response functions--are computed within Hartree-Fock, density-functional, and coupled-cluster response theories employing singly and doubly augmented correlation-consistent basis sets and London orbitals in the magnetic property calculations. The results, which illustrate the capability of time-dependent density-functional theory for electron-rich systems, are compared with available experimental data. Revised values of both experimentally derived quadrupole moment of BF3, 2.72 +/- 0.15 a.u., and magnetizability anisotropy of BCl3, -0.45 +/- 0.09 a.u., both obtained in birefringence experiments that neglect the effects of higher-order hypersusceptibilities, are presented. In the theoretical limit the traceless quadrupole moments of BF3 and BCl3 are determined to be 3.00 +/- 0.01 and 0.71 +/- 0.01 a.u., respectively.