Distribution of Diaminobenzidine Reaction Products in Zoospores of Phytophthora Palmivora

Regulation of catalase activity and gene expression during Phytophthora nicotianae development and infection of tobacco

Plant defence against pathogen attack typically incorporates an oxidative burst involving elevated levels of reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide. In the present study, we have used an in-gel assay to monitor the activity of the hydrogen peroxide scavenging enzyme, catalase, during asexual development of Phytophthora nicotianae and during infection of host tobacco plants. In vitro, catalase activity is highest in sporulating hyphae; in planta, catalase activity increases dramatically about 8 h after host inoculation. We have cloned and characterized three catalase genes, designated PnCat1, PnCat2 and PnCat3, from P. nicotianae and identified their homologues in P. infestans, P. sojae and P. ramorum. In all three species, Cat2 is predicted to be targeted to the peroxisome and the other catalases are likely to be cytosolic. Quantitative real-time PCR assessment of catalase transcripts during development and infection indicates that peroxisomal PnCat2 is the gene predominantly expressed, with transcript levels peaking in vitro in sporulating hyphae and in planta increasing dramatically during the first 24 h after inoculation of susceptible tobacco seedlings. Levels of tobacco catalase gene expression are significantly down-regulated in susceptible tobacco 4, 8 and 24 h post-inoculation and in resistant plants at 24 h post-inoculation. Together, our results give evidence that during infection P. nicotianae increases its own peroxisomal catalase levels while concurrently down-regulating host catalase expression. This behaviour is consistent with a role of pathogen catalase in counterdefence and protection against oxidative stress and of pathogen-orchestrated enhanced plant cell death to support necrotrophic pathogen growth and plant colonization.