1
|
Adeyeye SAO, Ashaolu TJ, Idowu-Adebayo F. Mycotoxins: Food Safety, Consumer Health and Africa’s Food Security. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1957952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. O Adeyeye
- Department of Food Technology, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Hindustan University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T. J Ashaolu
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
- Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - F Idowu-Adebayo
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
- Food Quality & Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Akello J, Ortega-Beltran A, Katati B, Atehnkeng J, Augusto J, Mwila CM, Mahuku G, Chikoye D, Bandyopadhyay R. Prevalence of Aflatoxin- and Fumonisin-Producing Fungi Associated with Cereal Crops Grown in Zimbabwe and Their Associated Risks in a Climate Change Scenario. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020287. [PMID: 33572636 PMCID: PMC7912306 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In most sub-Saharan African countries, staple cereal grains harbor many fungi and some produce mycotoxins that negatively impact health and trade. Maize and three small grain cereals (sorghum, pearl millet, and finger millet) produced by smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe during 2016 and 2017 were examined for fungal community structure, and total aflatoxin (AF) and fumonisin (FM) content. A total of 800 maize and 180 small grain samples were collected at harvest and during storage from four agroecological zones. Fusarium spp. dominated the fungi associated with maize. Across crops, Aspergillusflavus constituted the main Aspergillus spp. Small grain cereals were less susceptible to both AF and FM. AF (52%) and FM (89%) prevalence was higher in maize than in small grains (13-25% for AF and 0-32% for FM). Less than 2% of small grain samples exceeded the EU regulatory limit for AF (4 µg/kg), while <10% exceeded the EU regulatory limit for FM (1000 µg/kg). For maize, 28% and 54% of samples exceeded AF and FM Codex guidance limits, respectively. Higher AF contamination occurred in the drier and hotter areas while more FM occurred in the wetter year. AF exposure risk assessment revealed that small grain consumption posed low health risks (≤0.02 liver cancer cases/100,000 persons/year) while maize consumption potentially caused higher liver cancer rates of up to 9.2 cases/100,000 persons/year depending on the locality. Additionally, FM hazard quotients from maize consumption among children and adults were high in both years, but more so in a wet year than a dry year. Adoption of AF and FM management practices throughout the maize value chain coupled with policies supporting dietary diversification are needed to protect maize consumers in Zimbabwe from AF- and FM-associated health effects. The higher risk of health burden from diseases associated with elevated concentration of mycotoxins in preferred maize during climate change events can be relieved by increased consumption of small grains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Akello
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Plot 1458B, Ngwerere Road, Chelston, Lusaka P.O. Box. 310142, Zambia; (J.A.); (C.M.M.); (D.C.)
| | | | - Bwalya Katati
- National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, KK Airport Road, Lusaka P.O. Box. 310158, Zambia;
| | - Joseph Atehnkeng
- IITA Malawi, Chitedze Research Station, Lilongwe P.O. Box. 30258, Malawi;
| | - Joao Augusto
- IITA Mozambique, Av. FPLM, Nampula P.O. Box. 709, Mozambique;
| | - Chama M. Mwila
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Plot 1458B, Ngwerere Road, Chelston, Lusaka P.O. Box. 310142, Zambia; (J.A.); (C.M.M.); (D.C.)
| | - George Mahuku
- IITA Tanzania, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box. 34441, Tanzania;
| | - David Chikoye
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Plot 1458B, Ngwerere Road, Chelston, Lusaka P.O. Box. 310142, Zambia; (J.A.); (C.M.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Ranajit Bandyopadhyay
- IITA Nigeria, Oyo Road, Ibadan P.M.B. 5320, Nigeria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +234-806-868-1854
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mohamed Nor NMI, Salleh B, Leslie JF. Fusarium Species from Sorghum in Thailand. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 35:301-312. [PMID: 31481853 PMCID: PMC6706015 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.03.2019.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal worldwide, spreading from Africa throughout the world. It is particularly important in the semi-arid tropics due to its drought tolerance, and when cultivated in Southeast Asia commonly occurs as a second crop during the dry season. We recovered Fusarium from sorghum in Thailand and found F. proliferatum, F. thapsinum and F. verticillioides most frequently, and intermittent isolates of F. sacchari and F. beomiforme. The relatively high frequencies of F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides, suggest mycotoxin contamination, particularly fumonisins and moniliformin, should be evaluated. Genetic variation within the three commonly recovered species was characterized with vegetative compatibility, mating type, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), and female fertility. Effective population number (N e ) was highest for F. verticillioides and lowest for F. thapsinum with values based on mating type allele frequencies higher than those based on female fertility. Based on AFLP genetic variation, the F. thapsinum populations were the most closely related, the F. verticillioides populations were the most distantly related, and the F. proliferatum populations were in an intermediate position. The genetic variation observed could result if F. thapsinum is introduced primarily with seed, while F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides could arrive with seed or be carried over from previous crops, e.g., rice or maize, which sorghum is following. Confirmation of species transmission patterns is needed to understand the agricultural systems in which sorghum is grown in Southeast Asia, which are quite different from the systems found in Africa, Australia, India and the Americas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nik M. I. Mohamed Nor
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506,
USA
- School of Biological Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang,
Malaysia
| | - Baharuddin Salleh
- School of Biological Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang,
Malaysia
| | - John F. Leslie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506,
USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Marasas WFO, Rheeder JP, Lamprecht SC, Zeller KA, Leslie JF. Fusarium andiyazi sp. nov., a new species from sorghum. Mycologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2001.12063254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter F. O. Marasas
- Programme on Mycotoxins and Experimental Carcinogenesis (PROMEC), Medical Research Council, P. O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - John P. Rheeder
- Programme on Mycotoxins and Experimental Carcinogenesis (PROMEC), Medical Research Council, P. O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Sandra C. Lamprecht
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Kurt A. Zeller
- Department of Plant Pathology, Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5502
| | - John F. Leslie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5502
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kuzmicheva EA, Khasanov BF, Krylovich OA, Debella HJ, Worku WG, Yirga S, Savinetsky AB. Vegetation and Climate History of the Harenna Forest (Bale Mountains, Ethiopia) in the Holocene. BIOL BULL+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359018060067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
6
|
DARWISH WS, IKENAKA Y, NAKAYAMA SM, ISHIZUKA M. An overview on mycotoxin contamination of foods in Africa. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:789-97. [PMID: 24572628 PMCID: PMC4108760 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate various feedstuffs and agricultural crops. The contamination of food by mycotoxins can occur before production, during storage, processing, transportation or marketing of the food products. High temperature, moisture content and water activity are among the predisposing factors that facilitate the production of mycotoxins in food. Aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone are all considered the major mycotoxins produced in food and feedstuffs. In Africa, mycotoxin contamination is considered to be a major problem with implications that affect human and animal health and economy. Aflatoxin-related hepatic diseases are reported in many African countries. Ochratoxin and fumonisin toxicity in humans and animals is widespread in Africa. The available, updated information on the incidence of mycotoxin contamination, decontamination and its public health importance in Africa is lacking. The aim of this review is to highlight, update and discuss the available information on the incidence of mycotoxins in African countries. The public health implications and the recommended strategies for control of mycotoxins in food and agricultural crops are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wageh Sobhy DARWISH
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental
Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9,
Kita-ku, Sapporo 060–0818, Japan
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Yoshinori IKENAKA
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental
Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9,
Kita-ku, Sapporo 060–0818, Japan
| | - Shouta M.M. NAKAYAMA
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental
Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9,
Kita-ku, Sapporo 060–0818, Japan
| | - Mayumi ISHIZUKA
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental
Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9,
Kita-ku, Sapporo 060–0818, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Glenn AE, Hinton DM, Yates IE, Bacon CW. Detoxification of corn antimicrobial compounds as the basis for isolating Fusarium verticillioides and some other Fusarium species from corn. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:2973-81. [PMID: 11425710 PMCID: PMC92969 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.7.2973-2981.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The preformed antimicrobial compounds produced by maize, 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one and its desmethoxy derivative 2,4-dihydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, are highly reactive benzoxazinoids that quickly degrade to the antimicrobials 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (MBOA) and 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA), respectively. Fusarium verticillioides (= F. moniliforme) is highly tolerant to MBOA and BOA and can actively transform these compounds to nontoxic metabolites. Eleven of 29 Fusarium species had some level of tolerance to MBOA and BOA; the most tolerant, in decreasing order, were F. verticillioides, F. subglutinans, F. cerealis (= F. crookwellense), and F. graminearum. The difference in tolerance among species was due to their ability to detoxify the antimicrobials. The limited number of species having tolerance suggested the potential utility of these compounds as biologically active agents for inclusion within a semiselective isolation medium. By replacing the pentachloronitrobenzene in Nash-Snyder medium with 1.0 mg of BOA per ml, we developed a medium that resulted in superior frequencies of isolation of F. verticillioides from corn while effectively suppressing competing fungi. Since the BOA medium provided consistent, quantitative results with reduced in vitro and taxonomic efforts, it should prove useful for surveys of F. verticillioides infection in field samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Glenn
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Onyike NBN, Nelson PE. The distribution ofFusarium species in soils planted to millet and sorghum in Lesotho, Nigeria and Zimbabwe. Mycopathologia 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01103578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|