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An Integrative View of the Phyllosphere Mycobiome of Native Rubber Trees in the Brazilian Amazon. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040373. [PMID: 35448604 PMCID: PMC9025378 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, is a neotropical Amazonian species. Despite its high economic value and fungi associated with native individuals, in its original area in Brazil, it has been scarcely investigated and only using culture-dependent methods. Herein, we integrated in silico approaches with novel field/experimental approaches and a case study of shotgun metagenomics and small RNA metatranscriptomics of an adult individual. Scientific literature, host fungus, and DNA databases are biased to fungal taxa, and are mainly related to rubber tree diseases and in non-native ecosystems. Metabarcoding retrieved specific phyllospheric core fungal communities of all individuals, adults, plantlets, and leaves of the same plant, unravelling hierarchical structured core mycobiomes. Basidiomycotan yeast-like fungi that display the potential to produce antifungal compounds and a complex of non-invasive ectophytic parasites (Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck fungi) co-occurred in all samples, encompassing the strictest core mycobiome. The case study of the same adult tree (previously studied using culture-dependent approach) analyzed by amplicon, shotgun metagenomics, and small RNA transcriptomics revealed a high relative abundance of insect parasite-pathogens, anaerobic fungi and a high expression of Trichoderma (a fungal genus long reported as dominant in healthy wild rubber trees), respectively. Altogether, our study unravels new and intriguing information/hypotheses of the foliar mycobiome of native H. brasiliensis, which may also occur in other native Amazonian trees.
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Rosli H, Batzer JC, Hernández E, Beruski G, Dixon PM, Gleason ML. Precipitation Impacts Dissemination of Three Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Taxa on Apple Fruit. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:2398-2405. [PMID: 32689919 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-19-2340-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The spatial dissemination of three prevalent taxa of sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) fungi under several levels of precipitation was compared during 2015 and 2016 in an Iowa apple orchard. Overhead irrigation was used to supplement ambient precipitation in order to insure SBFS spore dissemination and colony development. There were five irrigation levels, involving 1-min-long periods of irrigation that were imposed either once or twice per hour at intervals of 3, 6, or 12 h, as well as a nonirrigated control. Preselected apple fruit were inoculated with one of the three SBFS taxa to serve as sources of inoculum. Dissemination from these inoculated apple fruit was assessed at harvest by counting SBFS colonies on water-sprayed and nontreated fruit. As a further control, additional fruit were enclosed in fruit bags throughout the fruit development period. In both 2015 and 2016, the number of colonies of the SBFS fungus Peltaster gemmifer per apple increased sharply as the duration of irrigation increased, whereas the number of colonies of Microcyclosporella mali increased to a lesser extent and Stomiopeltis sp. RS1 showed no increase. In 2015, the linear relationship between the duration of irrigation-imposed precipitation levels and the number of colonies on the water-sprayed apple fruit was similar for P. gemmifer (slope = 0.09), Stomiopeltis sp. RS1 (slope = 0.07), and Microcyclosporella mali (slope = 0.13); whereas, in 2016, the slope was higher for P. gemmifer (0.28) than for Stomiopeltis sp. RS1 (-0.09) or M. mali (0.06). The results indicated that dissemination of P. gemmifer increased sharply in response to increased irrigation-imposed precipitation, and that dissemination patterns differed considerably among the three SBFS taxa. The apparent advantage of P. gemmifer in precipitation-triggered dissemination may stem from its ability to produce spores rapidly by budding. To our knowledge, this is the first article to assess splash dispersal by SBFS fungi in the field and the first to document taxon-specific patterns of dissemination in this pathogen complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafizi Rosli
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jean C Batzer
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A
| | - Edward Hernández
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A
| | - Gustavo Beruski
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Philip M Dixon
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A
| | - Mark L Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A
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Song D, Shi Y, Ji H, Xia Y, Peng G. The MaCreA Gene Regulates Normal Conidiation and Microcycle Conidiation in Metarhizium acridum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1946. [PMID: 31497008 PMCID: PMC6713048 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As a C2H2 type zinc finger transcription factor, CreA is the key in Carbon Catabolism Repression (CCR) pathway, which negatively regulates the genes in carbon sources utilization. As conidiation in filamentous fungi is affected by nutritional conditions, CreA may contribute to fungal conidiation, which has been well studied in filamentous fungi, especially Aspergillus spp., but researches on entomopathogenic fungi are not enough. In this study, we found a homologous gene MaCreA in Metarhizium acridum, and the MaCreA deletion strain showed delayed conidiation, significant decrease in conidial yield, and 96.88% lower conidial production, when compared with the wild-type strain, and the normal conidiation and microcycle conidiation pattern shift was blocked. RT-qPCR showed that the transcription levels of the genes FlbD and LaeA (related to asexual development) were significantly altered, and those of most of the conidiation-related genes were higher in ΔMaCreA strain. The results of RNA-Seq revealed that MaCreA regulated the two conidiation patterns by mediating genes related to cell cycle, cell division, cell wall, and cell polarity. In conclusion, CreA, as a core regulatory gene in conidiation, provides new insight into the mechanism of conidiation in entomopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Song
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies Under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, China
| | - Youhui Shi
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies Under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, China
| | - HengQing Ji
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuxian Xia
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies Under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoxiong Peng
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies Under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, China
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