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Shet H, Sahu R, Sanghvi YS, Kapdi AR. Strategies for the Synthesis of Fluorinated Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Oligonucleotides. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200066. [PMID: 35638251 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fluorinated nucleosides and oligonucleotides are of specific interest as probes for studying nucleic acids interaction, structures, biological transformations, and its biomedical applications. Among various modifications of oligonucleotides, fluorination of preformed nucleoside and/or nucleotides have recently gained attention owing to the unique properties of fluorine atoms imparting medicinal properties with respect to the small size, electronegativity, lipophilicity, and ability for stereochemical control. This review deals with synthetic protocols for selective fluorination either at sugar or base moiety in a preformed nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids using specific fluorinating reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Shet
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology -, Indian Oil Odisha Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Mouza Samantpuri, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751013, India.,Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh road, Matunga, Mumbai-400019, India
| | - Rajesh Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh road, Matunga, Mumbai-400019, India
| | - Yogesh S Sanghvi
- Rasayan Inc., 2802, Crystal Ridge, Encinitas, CA92024-6615, California, USA
| | - Anant R Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh road, Matunga, Mumbai-400019, India
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Pal S, Chandra G, Patel S, Singh S. Fluorinated Nucleosides: Synthesis, Modulation in Conformation and Therapeutic Application. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202100335. [PMID: 35253973 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the last twenty years, fluorination on nucleoside has established itself as the most promising tool to use to get biologically active compounds that could sustain the clinical trial by affecting the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties. Due to fluorine's inherent unique properties and its judicious introduction into the molecule, makes the corresponding nucleoside metabolically very stable, lipophilic, and opens a new site of intermolecular binding. Fluorination on various nucleosides has been extensively studied as a result, a series of fluorinated nucleosides come up for different therapeutic uses which are either approved by the FDA or under the advanced stage of the clinical trial. Here in this review, we are summarizing the latest development in the chemistry of fluorination on nucleoside that led to varieties of new analogs like carbocyclic, acyclic, and conformationally biased nucleoside and their biological properties, the influence of fluorine on conformation, oligonucleotide stability, and their use in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Pal
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar Argul, Odisha, India, 752050
| | - Girish Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, SH-7, Gaya Panchanpur Road, Gaya, Bihar, India, 824236
| | - Samridhi Patel
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, SH-7, Gaya Panchanpur Road, Gaya, Bihar, India, 824236
| | - Sakshi Singh
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar Argul, Odisha, India, 752050
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Shaitanova EN, Balabon OA, Rybakova AN, Khlebnicova TS, Lakhvich FA, Gerus II. Synthesis of functionalized fluoroalkyl pyrimidines and pyrazoles from fluoroalkyl enones. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2021.109905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Borodkin GI, Shubin VG. Electrophilic and Oxidative Fluorination of Heterocyclic Compounds: Contribution to Green Chemistry. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428021090013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of Fluorinated Uridine Analogues Provide Insight into a Neighbouring-Group Participation Mechanism. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235513. [PMID: 33255573 PMCID: PMC7728060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorinated nucleoside analogues have attracted much attention as anticancer and antiviral agents and as probes for enzymatic function. However, the lack of direct synthetic methods, especially for 2′,3′-dideoxy-2′,3′-difluoro nucleosides, hamper their practical utility. In order to design more efficient synthetic methods, a better understanding of the conformation and mechanism of formation of these molecules is important. Herein, we report the synthesis and conformational analysis of a 2′,3′-dideoxy-2′,3′-difluoro and a 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro uridine derivative and provide an insight into the reaction mechanism. We suggest that the transformation most likely diverges from the SN1 or SN2 pathway, but instead operates via a neighbouring-group participation mechanism.
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Abstract
Fluorinated nucleosides constitute a large class of chemotherapeutics approved for clinical use. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a drug can be affected, as a consequence of modulation of electronic, lipophilic and steric parameters, by the introduction of fluorine into the structure of drug-like molecule. Herein, we focus on fluorinated-nucleoside analogs, their therapeutic use and applications based on the patent literature from 2014 to 2018. We briefly discuss the clinical properties of anticancer and antiviral fluorine-containing nucleos(t)ides US FDA-approved or in development, and highlight their resistance mechanisms and limitations in the clinic. We emphasize patent inventions related to improved synthetic methods toward selected nucleos(t)ide analogs including the phosphoramidate sofosbuvir and 18F-labeled nucleosides FLT and FMAU, used as a 18F-PET tracers.
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Gonzalez C, Sanchez A, Collins J, Lisova K, Lee JT, Michael van Dam R, Alejandro Barbieri M, Ramachandran C, Wnuk SF. The 4-N-acyl and 4-N-alkyl gemcitabine analogues with silicon-fluoride-acceptor: Application to 18F-Radiolabeling. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 148:314-324. [PMID: 29471120 PMCID: PMC5841594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of gemcitabine with functionalized carboxylic acids using peptide coupling conditions afforded 4-N-alkanoyl analogues with a terminal alkyne or azido moiety. Reaction of 4-N-tosylgemcitabine with azidoalkyl amine provided 4-N-alkyl gemcitabine with a terminal azido group. Click reaction with silane building blocks afforded 4-N-alkanoyl or 4-N-alkyl gemcitabine analogues suitable for fluorination. RP-HPLC analysis indicated better chemical stability of 4-N-alkyl gemcitabine analogues versus 4-N-alkanoyl analogues in acidic aqueous conditions. The 4-N-alkanoyl gemcitabine analogues showed potent cytostatic activity against L1210 cell line, but cytotoxicity of the 4-N-alkylgemcitabine analogues was low. However, 4-N-alkanoyl and 4-N-alkyl analogues had comparable antiproliferative activities in the HEK293 cells. The 4-N-alkyl analogue with a terminal azide group was shown to be localized inside HEK293 cells by fluorescence microscopy after labelling with Fluor 488-alkyne. The [18F]4-N-alkyl or alkanoyl silane gemcitabine analogues were successfully synthesized using microscale and conventional silane-labeling radiochemical protocols. Preliminary positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging in mice showed the biodistribution of [18F]4-N-alkyl to have initial concentration in the liver, kidneys and GI tract followed by increasing signal in the bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, United States
| | - Andersson Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, United States
| | - Jeffrey Collins
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Ksenia Lisova
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States; Physics & Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Jason T Lee
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - R Michael van Dam
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States; Physics & Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - M Alejandro Barbieri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, United States
| | | | - Stanislaw F Wnuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, United States.
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