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Arnao MB, Giraldo-Acosta M, Castejón-Castillejo A, Losada-Lorán M, Sánchez-Herrerías P, El Mihyaoui A, Cano A, Hernández-Ruiz J. Melatonin from Microorganisms, Algae, and Plants as Possible Alternatives to Synthetic Melatonin. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010072. [PMID: 36676997 PMCID: PMC9862825 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin dietary supplements are widely consumed worldwide, with developed countries as the largest consumers, with an estimated annual growth rate of approximately 10% until 2027, mainly in developing countries. The wide use of melatonin against sleep disorders and particular problems, such as jet lag, has been added to other applications, such as anti-aging, anti-stress, immune system activation, anticancer, and others, which have triggered its use, normally without a prescription. The chemical industry currently covers 100% of the needs of the melatonin market. Motivated by sectors with more natural consumption habits, a few years ago, the possibility of obtaining melatonin from plants, called phytomelatonin, arose. More recently, the pharmaceutical industry has developed genetically modified microorganisms whose ability to produce biological melatonin in bioreactors has been enhanced. This paper reviews the aspects of the chemical and biological synthesis of melatonin for human consumption, mainly as dietary supplements. The pros and cons of obtaining melatonin from microorganisms and phytomelatonin from plants and algae are analyzed, as well as the advantages of natural melatonin, avoiding unwanted chemical by-products from the chemical synthesis of melatonin. Finally, the economic and quality aspects of these new products, some of which are already marketed, are analyzed.
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Zhang XY, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Liu ZF, Wei BB, Feng XS. Melatonin in different food samples: Recent update on distribution, bioactivities, pretreatment and analysis techniques. Food Res Int 2023; 163:112272. [PMID: 36596183 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) plays a significant role on maintaining the basic physiological functions and regulating various metabolic processes in plentiful organisms. Recent years have witnessed an increase in MLT's share in global market with its affluent functions. However, the worrisome quality issues and inappropriate or excessive application of MLT take place inevitably. In addition, its photosensitive properties, oxidation, complex substrate concentration and trace levels leave exact detection of MLT doubly difficult. Therefore, it is essential to exploit precise, sensitive and stable extraction and detection methods to resolve above questions. In this study, we reviewed the distribution and bioactivities of MLT and conducted a comprehensive overview of the developments of pretreatment and analysis methods for MLT in food samples since 2010. Commonly used pretreatment methods for MLT include not only traditional techniques, but also novel ones, such as solid-phase extraction, QuEChERS, microextraction by packed sorbent, solid phase microextraction, liquid phase microextraction, and so on. Analysis methods include liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors, GC methods, capillary electrophoresis, sensors, and so on. The advantages and disadvantages of different techniques have been compared and the development tendency was prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021 China
| | - Zhi-Fei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Bin-Bin Wei
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Iqbal R, Khan T. Application of exogenous melatonin in vitro and in planta: a review of its effects and mechanisms of action. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:933-950. [PMID: 35751787 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a natural indolamine that regulates many physiological functions in plants. The most prominent role of melatonin in plants has been its ability to work as an anti-stressor agent. Exogenous melatonin can prevent cell death and promote cell proliferation through its antioxidant properties, enhancement of polyamine biosynthesis, and the ability to shift cell metabolism in case of stressors like sugar starvation. Melatonin scavenges reactive oxygen species and thus preventing damage to cell membranes and other organelles. Its application in different plant culture systems reveals its important physiological and biochemical roles during the growth and development of these cultures. It has been observed that the exogenous melatonin protects callus culture, reduces cold-induced apoptosis in cell suspension, and stimulates adventitious and lateral roots formation. This review presents the physiological and biochemical effects of exogenous melatonin on in vitro culture systems, including its impact on biomass accumulation, growth, and development of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Iqbal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir Lower, 18800, Pakistan.,Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir Lower, 18800, Pakistan.
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Juhnevica-Radenkova K, Moreno DA, Ikase L, Drudze I, Radenkovs V. Naturally occurring melatonin: Sources and possible ways of its biosynthesis. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:4008-4030. [PMID: 33337029 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
According to recent reports, the global market for melatonin is worth 700 million USD in 2018 and would reach 2,790 million USD by 2025, growing at a CAGR of 18.9% during 2019 to 2025. Having regard to the prevalence of sleep and circadian rhythm disorders and a clear tendency to increase the demand for melatonin, and the current lack of alternative green and cost-efficient technologies of its synthesis, the supply of this remedy will not be enough to guarantee melatonin supply and affordability on a global scale. The emergence of naturally occurring melatonin and its isomers in fermented foods has opened an exciting new research area; there are still, however, some obscure points in the efficient microbiological biosynthesis of melatonin. This review summarizes the research progress and recent evidence related to melatonin and its isomers in various foodstuffs. Additionally, one possible way to synthesize melatonin is also discussed. The evidence pointed out that the presence of melatonin and its isomers is not exclusive for grapes and grape-derived products, because it can be also found in sweet and sour cherries. However, different species of both Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts could be used to obtain melatonin and melatonin isomers in the process of alcoholic fermentation biotechnologically. The availability of L-tryptophan has been a key factor in determining the concentration of indolic compounds produced, and the utilization of probiotic lactic acid bacteria could help in the formation of melatonin isomers during malolactic fermentation. These approaches are environmentally friendly alternatives with a safer profile than conventional ones and could represent the future for sustainable industrial-scale melatonin production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego A Moreno
- Phytochemistry and Healthy Foods Lab, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
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Kim HJ, Cheon C. Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Tryptamines via Cyanide‐Catalyzed Imino‐Stetter Reaction. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Joo Kim
- Department of Chemistry Korea University 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol‐Hong Cheon
- Department of Chemistry Korea University 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
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Wang SY, Shi XC, Laborda P. Indole-based melatonin analogues: Synthetic approaches and biological activity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 185:111847. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Dong Y, Zhang H, Yang J, He S, Shi ZC, Zhang XM, Wang JY. B(C 6F 5) 3-Catalyzed C-C Coupling of 1,4-Naphthoquinones with the C-3 Position of Indole Derivatives in Water. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:21567-21577. [PMID: 31867553 PMCID: PMC6921613 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An atom-economical and environmentally benign approach for the synthesis of indole-substituted 1,4-naphthoquinones from indoles and 1,4-naphthoquinones using readily available Lewis acidic B(C6F5)3 in water and with the recycling of water and part of the catalyst is reported. The reaction proceeded through the B(C6F5)3-catalyzed C(sp2)-H and C(sp2)-H bond coupling of 1,4-naphthoquinones with the C-3 position of indole derivatives in water. This methodology provides a facile protocol for the synthesis of some new indole-substituted 1,4-naphthoquinones in satisfactory yields and with a broad substrate scope. When compared to known methods for the synthesis of indole-substituted 1,4-naphthoquinones, this protocol is practical and efficient and does not require a transition-metal catalyst or toxic organic solvents. In addition, we utilized a simple filtration process for complete recycling of the solvent and the part of the catalyst in each reaction cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dong
- Chengdu
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Chengdu
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- Chengdu
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shuai He
- Southwest
Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Chuan Shi
- Southwest
Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- Chengdu
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Yu Wang
- Chengdu
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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The Potential of Phytomelatonin as a Nutraceutical. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010238. [PMID: 29361780 PMCID: PMC6017233 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytomelatonin (plant melatonin) is chemically related to the amino acid tryptophan and has many diverse properties. Phytomelatonin is an interesting compound due to its outstanding actions at the cellular and physiological level, especially its protective effect in plants exposed to diverse stress situations, while its vegetable origin offers many opportunities because it is a natural compound. We present an overview of its origin, its action in plants in general (particularly in plant species with high levels of phytomelatonin), and its possibilities for use as a nutraceutical with particular attention paid to the beneficial effects that it may have in human health. The differences between synthetic melatonin and phytomelatonin, according to its origin and purity, are presented. Finally, the current market for phytomelatonin and its limits and potentials are discussed.
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Han Y, Zhang S, He J, Zhang Y. B(C6F5)3-Catalyzed (Convergent) Disproportionation Reaction of Indoles. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7399-7407. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Sutao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
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Molecular aspects of melatonin (MLT)-mediated therapeutic effects. Life Sci 2015; 135:147-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Hirose T, Noguchi Y, Furuya Y, Ishiyama A, Iwatsuki M, Otoguro K, Ōmura S, Sunazuka T. Structure Determination and Total Synthesis of (+)-16-Hydroxy-16,22-dihydroapparicine. Chemistry 2013; 19:10741-50. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Jin H, Zhou B, Wu Z, Shen Y, Wang Y. One-pot synthesis of substituted indolines via a copper-catalyzed sequential multicomponent/C–N coupling reaction. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Roman BI, Kimpe ND, Stevens CV. Synthesis of β-, γ-, δ-, ..., ω-Halogenated Ketones and Aldehydes. Chem Rev 2010; 110:5914-88. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900409h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart I. Roman
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Gent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Norbert De Kimpe
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Gent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Christian V. Stevens
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Gent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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Synthesis of 4-haloserotonin derivatives and synthesis of the toad alkaloid dehydrobufotenine. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Petronijevic F, Timmons C, Cuzzupe A, Wipf P. A microwave assisted intramolecular-furan-Diels-Alder approach to 4-substituted indoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:104-6. [PMID: 19082013 PMCID: PMC2736609 DOI: 10.1039/b816989f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The key steps of a versatile new protocol for the convergent synthesis of 3,4-disubstituted indoles are the addition of an alpha-lithiated alkylaminofuran to a carbonyl compound, a microwave-accelerated intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition and an in situ double aromatization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Petronijevic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
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16
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Bidylo TI, Yurovskaya MA. Synthesis of tryptamines by the Fischer method using synthetic precursors and latent forms of amino-butanal (review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-008-0057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Kremsner JM, Kappe CO. Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis in Near-Critical Water at 300 °C -A Proof-of-Concept Study. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Karam O, Zunino F, Chagnaut V, Jouannetaud MP, Jacquesy JC. An efficient synthesis of 6-hydroxymelatonin, a human metabolite of melatonin. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)02763-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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20
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Padwa A, Brodney MA, Liu B, Satake K, Wu T. A Cycloaddition Approach toward the Synthesis of Substituted Indolines and Tetrahydroquinolines. J Org Chem 1999; 64:3595-3607. [PMID: 11674487 DOI: 10.1021/jo982453g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of 2-substituted aminofurans (IMDAF) results in the formation of various indolines and tetrahydroquinolines. The isolation of these ring systems from the IMDAF reaction can be rationalized in terms of an initial [4 + 2]-cycloaddition that first produces an oxa-bridged cycloadduct, which was not detected since it readily underwent nitrogen-assisted ring opening. Proton exchange followed by an eventual dehydration provides the aromatic product. In certain cases, the intermediate cyclohexadienol can be isolated and independently converted to the final product in high yield. The starting 2-aminofurans were readily prepared from furanyl acyl azide by a Curtius rearrangement in the presence of an alcohol. Alkylation of the resulting N-alkyl carbamate with an alkenyl bromide allows for the synthesis of a wide variety of cycloaddition precursors. The scope of the IMDAF reaction was evaluated by using mono- and disubstituted alkenes, electron rich and electron deficient olefins, and acetylenic tethers. Cyclic 2-amidofurans were also synthesized using a related intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of 2-amido-substituted oxazoles which contain a tethered alkyne. This transformation represents a new route to this rare heterocyclic ring system. The sequential cycloaddition method was used for a formal synthesis of the pyrrolophenanthridone alkaloid hippadine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Padwa
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
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21
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The Literature of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Part VI. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY VOLUME 73 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(08)60945-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Aoki
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Andrew J. Peat
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Zhang D, Liebeskind LS. A Versatile Synthesis of 3-Substituted Indolines and Indoles. J Org Chem 1996; 61:2594-2595. [PMID: 11667083 DOI: 10.1021/jo960304x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhang
- Sanford S. Atwood Chemistry Center, Emory University, 1515 Pierce Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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Rahm A, Wulff WD. Moore-Type Cyclization Leading to Arene Chromium Tricarbonyl 1,4-Diradical Intermediates and the Isolation of Indolines. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja953619n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Rahm
- Department of Chemistry, Searle Chemistry Laboratory The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - William D. Wulff
- Department of Chemistry, Searle Chemistry Laboratory The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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26
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Rahm A, Wulff WD. Azabicyclo[3.3.0]octanes and 6-hydroxytetrahydroquinolines from intramolecular reactions of alkenyl(amino)carbene complexes with alkynes. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)01923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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