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Cigrovski Berkovic M, Ulamec M, Marinovic S, Balen I, Mrzljak A. Malignant insulinoma: Can we predict the long-term outcomes? World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:5124-5132. [PMID: 35812675 PMCID: PMC9210919 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i16.5124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulinomas are the most frequent type of functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors with a variety of neuroglycopenic and autonomic symptoms and well-defined diagnostic criteria; however, prediction of their clinical behavior and early differentiation between benign and malignant lesions remain a challenge. The comparative studies between benign and malignant cases are limited, suggesting that short clinical history, early hypoglycemia during fasting, high proinsulin, insulin, and C-peptide concentrations raise suspicion of malignancy. Indeed, malignant tumors are larger with higher mitotic count and Ki-67 proliferative activity, but there are no accurate histological criteria to distinguish benign from malignant forms. Several signaling pathways have been suggested to affect the pathophysiology and behavior of insulinomas; however, our knowledge is limited, urging a further understanding of molecular genetics. Therefore, there is a need for the identification of reliable markers of metastatic disease that could also serve as therapeutic targets in patients with malignant insulinoma. This opinion review reflects on current gaps in diagnostic and clinical aspects related to the malignant behavior of insulinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Cigrovski Berkovic
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Department of Kinesiological Anthropology and Methodology, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Monika Ulamec
- Department of Pathology and Cytology “Ljudevit Jurak”, University Hospital Center “Sestre milosrdnice”, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Scientific Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Sonja Marinovic
- Laboratory for Personalized Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ivan Balen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, General Hospital “Dr. Josip Bencevic”, Slavonski Brod 35000, Croatia
| | - Anna Mrzljak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UHC Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
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Wu C, Yang P, Liu B, Tang Y. Is there a CDKN2A-centric network in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma? Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:2551-2562. [PMID: 32273725 PMCID: PMC7108878 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s232464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has a high mortality rate and its incidence has risen rapidly in recent years. Meanwhile, the diagnosis and treatment of this cancer remain challenging. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common type of pancreatic cancer, but, currently, no sufficiently effective modalities for its treatment exist. The early diagnosis rate of pancreatic cancer is low and most patients have reached an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. PDAC evolves from precancerous lesions and is highly aggressive and metastatic. It is essential to understand how the disease progresses and metastasizes. CDKN2A mutations are very common in PDAC. Therefore, here, we have performed a literature review and discuss the role of CDKN2A and some related genes in the development of PDAC, as well as the basis of gene targeting with a correlation coefficient of CDKN2A above 0.9 on the STRING website. It is noteworthy that the interaction of CDKN2A with each gene has been reported in the literature. The role of these genes and CDKN2A in PDAC may provide new directions that will advance the current knowledge base and treatment options since cancer progression is realized through interactions among cells. Our findings provide new insights into the treatment of PADC that can, to some extent, improve the diagnosis rate and quality of life of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Wu
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Medical College of Hengyang, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Medical College of Hengyang, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingxue Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Medical College of Hengyang, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlian Tang
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Medical College of Hengyang, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
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Wang D, Zhu ZM, Tu YL, Dou CQ, Xu Y, Tan XL, Han MM, Yang ZJ, Jin X, Zhang B, Cai S, Liu ZW. Identfication of key miRNAs in pancreatitis using bioinformatics analysis of microarray data. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5451-5460. [PMID: 27840954 PMCID: PMC5355656 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatitis is a type of inflammation in the pancreas, which frequently occurs due to alcohol and gallstones. The present study aimed to identify pancreatitis-associated microRNAs (miRNAs) by analyzing the microarray of GSE24279. GSE24279 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus, composed of a collective of 27 pancreatitis and 22 normal control samples. The differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) in pancreatitis samples were screened using the Limma package in Bioconductor. Subsequently, target genes of the DE-miRNAs were predicted using the miRecords and miRWalk databases. Their potential functions were analyzed by functional and pathway enrichment analysis using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery online tool. Finally, pancreatitis-associated genes among the target genes identified were searched using the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database, and a regulatory network of pancreatitis-associated genes and their target miRNAs were constructed using Cytoscape software. A total 14 upregulated and 39 downregulated miRNAs were identified in pancreatitis samples compared with control samples and 290 target genes of DE-miRNAs were determined. Cyclin D1 (CCND1), v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 2 (AKT2), cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) and SMAD family member 2 (SMAD2) were involved in the pathway of pancreatic cancer. Among the target genes, 279 genes were pancreatitis-associated genes, which in turn were targeted by 37 miRNAs in the regulatory network. Hsa-miR-15a, hsa-miR-16, hsa-miR-155, hsa-miR-375 and hsa-miR-429 in particular may be involved in pancreatitis by targeting genes in the regulatory network, including hsa-miR-15a→CCND1, hsa-miR-16→CCND1, hsa-miR-155→CCND1/SMAD2, hsa-miR-375→AKT2/CDK6 and hsa-miR-429→CCND1. The above miRNAs and their targets may contribute to the pathogenesis of pancreatitis; therefore, they may be potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadong Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Man Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Liang Tu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Qing Dou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Second Surgical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Long Tan
- Department of Second Surgical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Ming Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Zhuang-Jie Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Bao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Shouwang Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Wei Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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MicroRNA and signaling pathways in gastric cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2014; 21:305-16. [PMID: 25060632 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2014.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) function as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors by inhibiting the expression of target genes, some of which are either directly or indirectly involved with canonical signaling pathways. The relationship between miRNAs and signaling pathways in gastric cancer is extremely complicated. In this paper, we determined the pathogenic mechanism of gastric cancer related to miRNA expression based on recent high-quality studies and then clarified the regulation network of miRNA expression and the correlated functions of these miRNAs during the progression of gastric cancer. We try to illustrate the correlation between the expression of miRNAs and outcomes of patients with gastric cancer. Understanding this will allow us to take a big step forward in the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Modulated expression of genes encoding estrogen metabolizing enzymes by G1-phase cyclin-dependent kinases 6 and 4 in human breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97448. [PMID: 24848372 PMCID: PMC4029737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G1-phase cell cycle defects, such as alterations in cyclin D1 or cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) levels, are seen in most tumors. For example, increased cyclin D1 and decreased cdk6 levels are seen in many human breast tumors. Overexpression of cdk6 in breast tumor cells in culture has been shown to suppress proliferation, unlike the growth stimulating effects of its close homolog, cdk4. In addition to directly affecting proliferation, alterations in cdk6 or cdk4 levels in breast tumor cells also differentially influence levels of numerous steroid metabolic enzymes (SMEs), including those involved in estrogen metabolism. Overexpression of cdk6 in tumor cell lines having low cdk6 resulted in decreased levels of mRNAs encoding aldo-keto reductase (AKR)1C1, AKR1C2 and AKR1C3, which are hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) involved in steroid hormone metabolism. In contrast, increasing cdk4 dramatically increased these transcript levels, especially those encoding AKR1C3, an enzyme that converts estrone to 17β-estradiol, a change that could result in a pro-estrogenic state favoring tumor growth. Effects on other estrogen metabolizing enzymes, including cytochrome P450 (CYP) 19 aromatase, 17β-HSD2, and CYP1B1 transcripts, were also observed. Interactions of cdk6 and cdk4, but not cyclin D1, with the promoter region of a cdk-regulated gene, 17β-HSD2, were detected. The results uncover a previously unsuspected link between the cell cycle and hormone metabolism and differential roles for cdk6 and cdk4 in a novel mechanism for pre-receptor control of steroid hormone action, with important implications for the origin and treatment of steroid hormone-dependent cancers.
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Toyokawa G, Cho HS, Iwai Y, Yoshimatsu M, Takawa M, Hayami S, Maejima K, Shimizu N, Tanaka H, Tsunoda T, Field HI, Kelly JD, Neal DE, Ponder BAJ, Maehara Y, Nakamura Y, Hamamoto R. The histone demethylase JMJD2B plays an essential role in human carcinogenesis through positive regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 6. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:2051-61. [PMID: 21930796 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Histone methyltransferases and demethylases are known to regulate transcription by altering the epigenetic marks on histones, but the pathologic roles of their dysfunction in human diseases, such as cancer, still remain to be elucidated. Herein, we show that the histone demethylase JMJD2B is involved in human carcinogenesis. Quantitative real-time PCR showed notably elevated levels of JMJD2B expression in bladder cancers, compared with corresponding nonneoplastic tissues (P < 0.0001), and elevated protein expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. In addition, cDNA microarray analysis revealed transactivation of JMJD2B in lung cancer, and immunohistochemical analysis showed protein overexpression in lung cancer. siRNA-mediated reduction of expression of JMJD2B in bladder and lung cancer cell lines significantly suppressed the proliferation of cancer cells, and suppressing JMJD2B expression lead to a decreased population of cancer cells in S phase, with a concomitant increase of cells in G(1) phase. Furthermore, a clonogenicity assay showed that the demethylase activity of JMJD2B possesses an oncogenic activity. Microarray analysis after knockdown of JMJD2B revealed that JMJD2B could regulate multiple pathways which contribute to carcinogenesis, including the cell-cycle pathway. Of the downstream genes, chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that CDK6 (cyclin-dependent kinase 6), essential in G(1)-S transition, was directly regulated by JMJD2B, via demethylation of histone H3-K9 in its promoter region. Expression levels of JMJD2B and CDK6 were significantly correlated in various types of cell lines. Deregulation of histone demethylation resulting in perturbation of the cell cycle, represents a novel mechanism for human carcinogenesis and JMJD2B is a feasible molecular target for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouji Toyokawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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miR-107 targets cyclin-dependent kinase 6 expression, induces cell cycle G1 arrest and inhibits invasion in gastric cancer cells. Med Oncol 2011; 29:856-63. [PMID: 21264532 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-9823-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as post-transcriptional regulators that are critically involved in the pathogenesis of a number of human cancers. Recently, cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) is found to be up-regulated in several types of human tumors and has been implicated in cancer initiation and progression. We have identified miR-107 as a potential regulator of CDK6 expression. A bioinformatics search revealed a putative target site for miR-107 within the CDK6 3' untranslated region. Expression of miR-107 in gastric cancer cell lines was found inversely correlated with CDK6 expression. miR-107 could significantly suppress CDK6 3' UTR luciferase reporter activity, and this effect was not detectable when the putative 3' UTR target site was mutated. Consistent with the results of the reporter assay, ectopic expression of miR-107 reduced both mRNA and protein expression levels of CDK6, inhibited proliferation, induced G1 cell cycle arrest, and blocked invasion of the gastric cancer cells. Our results suggest that miR-107 may have a tumor suppressor function by directly targeting CDK6 to inhibit the proliferation and invasion activities of gastric cancer cells.
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Li W, Sanki A, Karim RZ, Thompson JF, Soon Lee C, Zhuang L, McCarthy SW, Scolyer RA. The role of cell cycle regulatory proteins in the pathogenesis of melanoma. Pathology 2006; 38:287-301. [PMID: 16916716 DOI: 10.1080/00313020600817951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of melanocytes to melanoma cells is characterised by abnormal proliferation resulting from alterations in cell cycle regulatory mechanisms. This occurs through alterations in the two major cell cycle regulatory pathways, the retinoblastoma (Rb) and p53 tumour suppressor pathways. This review summarises the current knowledge of alterations in these two pathways at G1/S transition and specifically the role of the key cell cycle regulatory proteins pRb, p16INK4a (p16), cyclin D1, p27Kip1 (p27), p53 and p21Waf1/Cip1 (p21) in the pathogenesis of melanoma. It also considers their prognostic significance. Current data indicate that alterations of cyclin kinase inhibitor (cdki) levels are implicated in the pathogenesis of melanoma and may be useful prognostic markers. However, large validation studies linked to comprehensive clinical follow up data are necessary to clarify the prognostic significance of cell cycle regulatory proteins in individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- The Sydney Melanoma Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
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