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Shakeri H, Soleimanifar M, Arab AM, Hamneshin Behbahani S. The effects of KinesioTape on the treatment of lateral epicondylitis. J Hand Ther 2019; 31:35-41. [PMID: 28256305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Randomized clinical trial. INTRODUCTION KinesioTape (KT) is a noninvasive method to treat pain and muscular dysfunction. PURPOSE To investigate the effect of KT with and without tension on pain intensity, pain pressure threshold, grip strength and disability in individuals with lateral epicondylitis, and myofacial trigger points in forearm muscles. METHODS Thirty women with lateral epicondylitis and myofacial trigger point in forearm muscles were randomly assigned to KT with tension and placebo (KT without tension). The treatment was provided 3 times in one week, and outcome measures were assess pre-post treatment. RESULTS The mean score of visual analogue scale (VAS) during activity decreased significantly from 6.4 and 6 pretest to 2.53 and 4.66 posttest, respectively, for the KT with and without tension groups. The mean score of Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand decreased significantly from 16.82 and 22.79 pretest to 8.65 and 8.29 posttest, respectively, for the KT with and without tension groups. A paired t-test revealed a significant reduction in VAS during activity and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand before and after treatment in both groups (P < .05). Pain pressure threshold, grip strength, and VAS using an algometer revealed no significant differences. The study showed no significant difference in variables immediately after intervention. DISCUSSION Improvements in functional disability were superior when KT was used with tension, than obtained with a placebo-no tension application. CONCLUSION The application of KT produces an improvement in pain intensity and upper extremity disability in subjects with LE and MTP in forearm muscles, and KT with tension was more effective than placebo group. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER 100-216.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Shakeri
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manijeh Soleimanifar
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Biomechanic Research Center, AJA University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - A M Arab
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Park HB, Kam M, Gwark JY. Association of steroid injection with soft-tissue calcification in lateral epicondylitis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2019; 28:304-309. [PMID: 30658775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid injections are among the most commonly used conservative treatments for lateral epicondylitis (LE). Although soft-tissue calcification has been reported as a steroid injection complication in certain tendons, such an association in LE has not been established. This study's purpose was to determine any association of both a history of steroid injection and the number of steroid injections with the types of calcification found in LE. METHODS This study included 110 patients (110 elbows) with LE diagnosed from February 2016 to October 2017. We categorized calcifications seen on standard elbow radiographs as soft-tissue calcifications or enthesophytes using the classification of Shillito et al. Using logistic regression analyses, we calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for various factors possibly affecting calcification in LE: age, sex, body mass index, dominant-side involvement, occupation, symptom duration, hand-grip power, pain score on a visual analog scale, and treatment methods. The evaluated treatments included stretching exercise, extracorporeal shockwave therapy, and steroid injections. RESULTS In the univariate analysis, the visual analog scale pain score, a history of steroid injection, and the number of steroid injections were significantly associated with soft-tissue calcification (P ≤ .020). In the multivariable analysis, a history of steroid injection (OR, 7.63; 95% CI, 1.63-35.72) and the number of steroid injections (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.06-1.32) were significantly associated with soft-tissue calcification (P ≤ .010). CONCLUSIONS The significant association of steroid injections with soft-tissue calcification in LE suggests that this calcification is likely to be an iatrogenic complication of steroid injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Bin Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mincheol Kam
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yong Gwark
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Del Mar
- The University of QueenslandUniversity General Practice, Wirrawong Parade, Inala, QLD 4077
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Myofascial pain in lateral epicondylalgia: a review. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2013; 17:434-9. [PMID: 24139000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an ongoing debate about the myofascial component, characterized by the presence of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in lateral epicondylalgia (LE). OBJECTIVES To review current evidence of the association between myofascial pain and LE, including efficacy of treatment, focusing on myofascial pain. METHODS PubMed, Google Scholar and PEDro databases were searched without search limitations from inception until October 2012 for terms relating to LE and MTrPs. RESULTS Two observational studies showed a high prevalence of MTrPs in LE patients compared to healthy controls. Three randomized controlled trials demonstrated significant improvement in pain and functional outcomes after application of soft tissue techniques, focusing on the myofascial component. CONCLUSION Myofascial pain and MTrPs may be part of the LE etiology. Treatment focusing on the myofascial component seems to be effective in reducing pain and improving function in patients with LE. Additional trials are essential to attain a solid conclusion.
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Smidt N, Dingjan RA, Buchbinder R, Assendelft WJJ. Botulinum toxin injection for tennis elbow. Hippokratia 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nynke Smidt
- Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; PO Box 9600 V0-7P (room 54) Leiden Leiden Netherlands 2300 RC
| | - Ron A Dingjan
- Medical Center De Beiaard; Marinus de Jongstraat 3 Oosterhout Netherlands 4904 PK
| | - Rachelle Buchbinder
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University; Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology at Cabrini Hospital; Suite 41, Cabrini Medical Centre 183 Wattletree Road Malvern Victoria Australia 3144
| | - Willem JJ Assendelft
- Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; PO Box 9600 V0-7P (room 54) Leiden Leiden Netherlands 2300 RC
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Reza Nourbakhsh M, Fearon FJ. An alternative approach to treating lateral epicondylitis. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study. Clin Rehabil 2008; 22:601-9. [PMID: 18586811 DOI: 10.1177/0269215507088447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of noxious level electrical stimulation on pain, grip strength and functional abilities in subjects with chronic lateral epicondylitis. DESIGN Randomized, placebo-control, double-blinded study. SETTING Physical Therapy Department, North Georgia College and State University. SUBJECTS Eighteen subjects with chronic lateral epicondylitis between the ages of 24 and 72 years participated in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned into treatment or placebo groups. INTERVENTIONS Subjects received six sessions of low-frequency electrical stimulation over the palpated tender points. The intensity of electrical stimulation was set at 0 in the placebo group. MAIN MEASUREMENTS Grip strength, functional status, pain intensity and limited activity due to pain were assessed before and after treatment. Six-month follow-up data were collected in treatment group only. RESULTS Both clinically and statistically significant improvements in average grip strength were found (treatment group: 28% increase; placebo group: 2.5% decrease; P=0.04), functional activity (treatment group: 110% increase; placebo group: 22% increase; P= 0.003), pain intensity (treatment group: 3.1 point decrease; placebo group: 0.2 point increase; P=0.01) and activity limitation due to pain (treatment group: 4.1 points increase; placebo group: 1.9 point decrease; P= 0.003) between the treatment and placebo groups. Follow-up data showed that 100% of subjects maintained the improved function, and 83% remained pain-free for at least six months post treatment. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicated that symptoms of chronic lateral epicondylitis could be effectively treated by noxious level low-frequency electrical stimulation.
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Marik T, Valdes K. Clinical commentary in response to: the effects of oscillating-energy manual therapy on lateral epicondylitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, and double-blinded study. J Hand Ther 2008; 21:15-7. [PMID: 18215747 DOI: 10.1197/j.jht.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tambra Marik
- MultiCare Hand Therapy, Gig Harbor North, Washington, USA
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Nourbakhsh MR, Fearon FJ. The effect of oscillating-energy manual therapy on lateral epicondylitis: a randomized, placebo-control, double-blinded study. J Hand Ther 2008; 21:4-13; quiz 14. [PMID: 18215746 DOI: 10.1197/j.jht.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Symptoms of lateral epicondylitis (LE) are attributed to degenerative changes and inflammatory reactions in the common extensor tendon induced by microscopic tears in the tissue after repetitive or overload functions of the wrist and hand extensor muscles. Conventional treatments, provided on the premise of inflammatory basis of LE, have shown 39-80% failure rate. An alternative approach suggests that symptoms of LE could be due to active tender points developed in the origin of hand and wrist extensor muscles after overuse or repetitive movements. Oscillating-energy Manual Therapy (OEMT), also known as V-spread, is a craniosacral manual technique that has been clinically used for treating tender points over the suture lines in the skull. Considering symptoms of LE may result from active tender points, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of OEMT on pain, grip strength, and functional abilities of subjects with chronic LE. Twenty-three subjects with chronic LE (>3mo) between ages of 24 and 72 years participated in this study. Before their participation, all subjects were screened to rule out cervical and other pathologies that could possibly contribute to their lateral elbow pain. Subjects who met the inclusion criteria were randomized into treatment and placebo treatment groups by a second (treating) therapist. Subjects were blinded to their group assignment. Subjects in the treatment group received OEMT for six sessions. During each treatment session, first a tender point was located through palpation. After proper hand placement, the therapist focused the direction of the oscillating energy on the localized tender point. Subjects in the placebo group underwent the same procedure, but the direction of the oscillating energy was directed to an area above or below the tender points, not covering the affected area. Jamar Dynamometer, Patient Specific Functional Scale (PSFS), and Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) were used to measure grip strength, functional status, and pain intensity and limited activity due to pain, respectively. The screening therapist who was blinded to the subjects' group assignment performed pretest, posttest, and six-month follow-up measurements. Subjects in the treatment group showed both clinically and statistically significant improvement in grip strength (p=0.03), pain intensity (p=0.006), function (p=0.003), and limited activity due to pain (p=0.025) compared with those in the placebo group. Follow-up data, collected after six months, showed no significant difference between posttest and follow-up measurements in functional activity (p=0.35), pain intensity (p=0.72), and activity limitation due to pain (p=0.34). Of all the subjects contacted for follow-up assessment, 91% maintained improved function and 73% remained pain free for at least six months. OEMT seems to be a viable, effective, and efficient alternative treatment for LE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Nourbakhsh
- Department of Physical Therapy, North Georgia College and State University, Dahlonega, Georgia 30597, USA.
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Polkinghorn BS. A novel method for assessing elbow pain resulting from epicondylitis. J Chiropr Med 2002; 1:117-21. [PMID: 19674572 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-3467(07)60015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2002] [Revised: 03/14/2002] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a novel orthopedic test (Polk's test) which can assist the clinician in differentiating between me- dial and lateral epicondylitis, 2 of the most common causes of elbow pain. This test has not been previously described in the literature. CLINICAL FEATURES The testing procedure described in this paper is easy to learn, simple to perform and may provide the clinician with a quick and effective method of differentiating between lateral and medial epicondylitis. The test also helps to elucidate normal activities of daily living that the patient may unknowingly be performing on a repetitive basis that are hindering recovery. The results of this simple test allow the clinician to make immediate lifestyle recommendations to the patient that should improve and hasten the response to subsequent treatment. It may be used in conjunction with other orthopedic testing procedures, as it correlates well with other clinical tests for assessing epicondylitis. CONCLUSION The use of Polk's Test may help the clinician to diagnostically differentiate between lateral and medial epicondylitis, as well as supply information relative to choosing proper instructions for the patient to follow as part of their treatment program. Further research, performed in an academic setting, should prove helpful in more thoroughly evaluating the merits of this test. In the meantime, clinical experience over the years suggests that the practicing physician should find a great deal of clinical utility in utilizing this simple, yet effective, diagnostic procedure.
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Smidt N, Assendelft WJJ, van der Windt DAWM, Hay EM, Buchbinder R, Bouter LM. Corticosteroid injections for lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review. Pain 2002; 96:23-40. [PMID: 11932058 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(01)00388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Patients with lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) are frequently treated with corticosteroid injections, in order to relieve pain and diminish disability. The objective of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of corticosteroid injections for lateral epicondylitis. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified by a highly sensitive search strategy in six databases in combination with reference tracking. Two independent reviewers selected and assessed the methodological quality of RCTs that included patients with lateral epicondylitis treated with corticosteroid injection(s), and reported at least one clinically relevant outcome measure. Standardised mean differences were computed for continuous data and relative risks (RR) for dichotomous data. A best-evidence synthesis was conducted, weighting the studies with respect to their internal validity, statistical significance, clinical relevance, and statistical power. Thirteen studies consisting of 15 comparisons were included in the review, evaluating the effects of corticosteroid injections compared to placebo injection (n=2), injection with local anaesthetic (n=5), another conservative treatment (n=5), or another corticosteroid injection (n=3). Almost all studies had poor internal validity scores. For short-term outcomes (<or=6 weeks), statistically significant and clinically relevant differences were found on pain, global improvement and grip strength for corticosteroid injection compared to placebo, local anaesthetic and conservative treatments. For intermediate (6 weeks-6 months) and long-term outcomes (>or=6 months), no statistically significant or clinically relevant results in favour of corticosteroid injections were found. Although the available evidence shows superior short-term effects of corticosteroid injections for lateral epicondylitis, it is not possible to draw firm conclusions on the effectiveness of injections, due to the lack of high quality studies. No beneficial effects were found for intermediate or long-term follow-up. More, better designed, conducted and reported RCTs with intermediate and long-term follow-up are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynke Smidt
- Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Faculty of Medicine, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Smidt N, Assendelft WJJ, van der Windt DAWM, Hay EM, Buchbinder R, Bouter LM. Corticosteroid injections for tennis elbow. Hippokratia 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd001978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nynke Smidt
- Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Public Health and Primary care; V0-6P (room 14) P.O. Box 9600 Leiden Netherlands 2300 RC LEIDEN
| | - Willem JJ Assendelft
- Leiden University Medical Centre; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; PO Box 9600, Postzone V 06-P Leiden Netherlands 2300 RC
| | - Daniëlle AWM van der Windt
- VU University Medical Center; EMGO Institute and Department of General Practice; Van der Boechorststraat 7 Amsterdam Netherlands 1081 BT
| | - Elaine M Hay
- Haywood Hospital; High Lane Burslem Stoke-on-Trent Staffordshire UK ST6 7AG
| | - Rachelle Buchbinder
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University; Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology at Cabrini Hospital; Suite 41, Cabrini Medical Centre 183 Wattletree Rd Malvern Victoria Australia 3144
| | - Lex M Bouter
- Vrije Universiteit; Executive Board of V U University; De Boelelaan 1105, Room 2d-18 Amsterdam Netherlands 1081 BT
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Bauer JA, Murray RD. Electromyographic patterns of individuals suffering from lateral tennis elbow. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 1999; 9:245-52. [PMID: 10437977 DOI: 10.1016/s1050-6411(98)00051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the applicability of using surface electromyography (EMG) as a tool for differentiating between persons suffering from lateral tennis elbow and the healthy age-matched adults. Temporal muscle activation patterns of the tennis elbow group were evaluated to determine if they varied between subject groups and if noted variations might be interpreted as arresting or exacerbating the injury. Sixteen subjects (Healthy Controls, n = 6; Tennis Elbow, n = 10) were tested under simulated tennis playing conditions. All subjects were males (Healthy group (CON) 38.8 +/- 13.1, Injured group (INJ) 40.8 +/- 10.8 yrs). EMG response data, temporal and spatial muscle activities, of the forearm extensors (Ext), the forearm flexors (Flex) and the triceps (Tri) were recorded for each subject during a single test session using all combinations of three different velocities on three different racket head impact locations. Data were collected at a frequency of 1000 Hz. Statistical analysis was performed using a 2 x 3 x 3 (Health status x Impact velocity x Impact location) ANOVA with repeated measures. Results indicated statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the CON and INJ subject groups for the response variables associated with forearm extensor muscle activation. During simulated play, the INJ group employed an earlier, longer, and greater activation of Ext than the CON group, such changes may be considered detrimental to the healing process. These results support the use of surface EMG to quantify differences in muscle activation strategies employed by individuals suffering from soft tissue muscle microtrauma injuries and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Bauer
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
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Smidt N, Assendelft WJJ, Arola H, Malmivaara A, Green S, Buchbinder R, Bouter LM. Physiotherapy and physiotherapeutical modalities for lateral epicondylitis. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd001459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nynke Smidt
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics; Location code J1B-217 PO Box 22700 Amsterdam Netherlands 1100 DE
| | - Willem JJ Assendelft
- Leiden University Medical Centre; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; PO Box 9600, Postzone V 06-P Leiden Netherlands 2300 RC
| | - H Arola
- Suomen Terveystalo Ltd.; Tampere Finland
| | - Antti Malmivaara
- Finnish Office for Health Care Technology Assessment; Occupational Medicine; Lintulahdenkuja 4 Helsinki Finland FIN-00530
| | - Sally Green
- Monash University; Australasian Cochrane Centre; Monash Medical Centre Locked Bag 29 Clayton Victoria Australia 3168
| | - Rachelle Buchbinder
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University; Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology at Cabrini Hospital; Suite 41, Cabrini Medical Centre 183 Wattletree Rd Malvern Victoria Australia 3144
| | - Lex M Bouter
- Vrije Universiteit; Executive Board of V U University; De Boelelaan 1105, Room 2d-18 Amsterdam Netherlands 1081 BT
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Sölveborn SA. Radial epicondylalgia ('tennis elbow'): treatment with stretching or forearm band. A prospective study with long-term follow-up including range-of-motion measurements. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1997; 7:229-37. [PMID: 9241029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1997.tb00145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Stretching or upper forearm bands were used in the treatment of radial epicondylalgia ('tennis elbow') in a prospective study of 185 patients. The two consecutive series did not differ with respect to, for example, age (median 43 years), gender (57% men), symptom duration (mean 12 months) and symptomatic elbow (68% right), and were examined before and after 1 month of treatment, then at 3 and 9 months, and at a long-term follow-up (44/33 months). The 94 stretching-treated patients were instructed to perform home exercises twice daily, but were also treated at six physiotherapist sessions the first month. The other 91 patients were told to use a prescribed proximal forearm band in daily activities as much as possible. Both treatments were successful with a continuous symptom reduction, but the outcome was statistically significant in favour of stretching at all follow-ups, as assessed by subjective evaluation on a visual analogue pain scale, tabulated pain and condition alternatives on questionnaires, and objective findings such as palpation tenderness at the radial epicondyle, the (Mills') 'tennis elbow pain test', and range-of-motion. Practically all measured range-of-motions were restricted in both groups before treatment and did increase with stretching during the follow-up period, while the various changes in the forearm band group were statistically non-significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Sölveborn
- Department of Orthopaedics, Academic Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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