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Hagan G, Okut H, Badgett RG. A Systematic Review of the Single-Item Burnout Question: Its Reliability Depends on Your Purpose. J Gen Intern Med 2024; 39:818-828. [PMID: 38424346 PMCID: PMC11043289 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-024-08685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surveillance of burnout by the gold-standard Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) is hindered by cost and length. The validity and benchmarking of the commonly recommended and used single-item burnout question (SIBOQ) are unknown. We sought to (1) derive an equation for predicting the gold standard MBI from the SIBOQ and (2) measure the correlation of the SIBOQ with the full MBI and its subscales. METHODS We sought studies in PubMed along with citations by and to included studies. We included studies that either correlated the SIBOQ and the MBI or reported the rates of burnout measured by both instruments. Two reviewers extracted data and CLARITY risk of bias. We used generalized linear mixed regression to separately quantify the predictive (benchmarking) and explanatory (hot-spotting) capabilities of the SIBOQ. We created a regression equation for converting SIBOQ scores to MBI scores. We meta-analyzed correlation coefficients (r) for the SIBOQ and MBI subscales. For all analyses, we considered an r of 0.7 as acceptable reliability for group-level comparisons. RESULTS We included 17 studies reporting 6788 respondents. All studies had a high risk of bias, as no study had a response rate over 75% and no study was able to examine non-responders. The correlations (r) of the SIBOQ with the overall MBI were explanatory r = 0.82 and predictive r = 0.56. Regarding MBI subscales, the correlations of the SIBOQ with emotional exhaustion were adequate with r = 0.71 (95% CI 0.67-0.74; I2 = 89%), and depersonalization was r = 0.44 (95% CI 0.34-0.52; I2 = 90%). However, in 8 of 15 comparisons, the r was less than 0.70. DISCUSSION The SIBOQ's usually adequate explanatory abilities allow "hot-spotting" to identify subgroups with high or low burnout within a single, homogenous survey fielding. However, the predictive ability of the SIBOQ indicates insufficient reliability in comparing local results to external benchmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hagan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hayrettin Okut
- Office of Research, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Robert G Badgett
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, Wichita, KS, USA.
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Adarkwah CC, Labenz J, Hirsch O. Burnout and work satisfaction are differentially associated in gastroenterologists in Germany. F1000Res 2022; 11:368. [PMID: 35673351 PMCID: PMC9152463 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.110296.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burnout in the field of gastroenterology is an under-researched phenomenon. So far, only a few studies have dealt with this topic. There are large geographical variations in burnout rates with 16-20% of gastroenterologists in Mexico and Germany being at risk or having burnout, 30-40% in the United Kingdom, and 50-55% in South Korea, Canada, and the USA. The investigation of differential associations of burnout with important factors in gastroenterologists leading to tailored therapy recommendations is lacking. Therefore, we investigated the associations between work satisfaction and burnout in this specialization. METHODS We distributed an electronic survey to gastroenterologists organized mainly in the Federal Organization of Gastroenterology in Germany (the BVGD - Bundesverband Gastroenterologie Deutschland). The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Work Satisfaction Questionnaire (WSQ) were examined regarding their postulated internal structure in our sample of gastroenterologists. Canonical correlations were performed to examine the association between work satisfaction and burnout in endoscopy physicians. RESULTS An acceptable model fit was shown for both the MBI and the Work Satisfaction Questionnaire. The canonical correlation analysis resulted in two statistically significant canonical functions with correlations of .62 (p<.001) and .27 (p<.001). The full model across all functions was significant (χ 2 (18) = 386.26, p<.001). Burden, personal rewards, and global item regarding the job situation were good predictors for less exhaustion, while patient care and professional relations were good predictors for personal accomplishment. This supports the recognition of burnout as being a multidimensional construct which has to be thoroughly diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS Specific interventions should be designed to improve symptoms of burnout in endoscopy physicians according to their individual complaints as burnout is a multidimensional construct. Differential interventions should be offered on the basis of our study results in order to alleviate the issue of work satisfaction and burnout in endoscopy physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Christian Adarkwah
- Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Philipps-University, Marburg, 35043, Germany
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Department of Health Services Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Labenz
- Medizinische Klinik, Diakonie Klinikum, Siegen, 57074, Germany
- Bundesverband Gastroenterologie Deutschland (BVGD) e. V., Berlin, 10707, Germany
| | - Oliver Hirsch
- Department of Psychology, FOM University of Applied Sciences, Siegen, 57078, Germany
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Adarkwah CC, Labenz J, Hirsch O. Burnout and work satisfaction are differentially associated in gastroenterologists in Germany. F1000Res 2022; 11:368. [PMID: 35673351 PMCID: PMC9152463 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.110296.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burnout in the field of gastroenterology is an under-researched phenomenon. So far, only a few studies have dealt with this topic. There are large geographical variations in burnout rates with 16-20% of gastroenterologists in Mexico and Germany being at risk or having burnout, 30-40% in the United Kingdom, and 50-55% in South Korea, Canada, and the USA. The investigation of differential associations of burnout with important factors in gastroenterologists leading to tailored therapy recommendations is lacking. Therefore, we investigated the associations between work satisfaction and burnout in this specialization. METHODS We distributed an electronic survey to gastroenterologists organized mainly in the Federal Organization of Gastroenterology in Germany (the BVGD - Bundesverband Gastroenterologie Deutschland). The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Work Satisfaction Questionnaire (WSQ) were examined regarding their postulated internal structure in our sample of gastroenterologists. Canonical correlations were performed to examine the association between work satisfaction and burnout in endoscopy physicians. RESULTS An acceptable model fit was shown for both the MBI and the Work Satisfaction Questionnaire. The canonical correlation analysis resulted in two statistically significant canonical functions with correlations of .62 (p<.001) and .27 (p<.001). The full model across all functions was significant (χ 2 (18) = 386.26, p<.001). Burden, personal rewards, and global item regarding the job situation were good predictors for less exhaustion, while patient care and professional relations were good predictors for personal accomplishment. This supports the recognition of burnout as being a multidimensional construct which has to be thoroughly diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS Specific interventions should be designed to improve symptoms of burnout in endoscopy physicians according to their individual complaints as burnout is a multidimensional construct. Differential interventions should be offered on the basis of our study results in order to alleviate the issue of work satisfaction and burnout in endoscopy physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Christian Adarkwah
- Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Philipps-University, Marburg, 35043, Germany
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Department of Health Services Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Labenz
- Medizinische Klinik, Diakonie Klinikum, Siegen, 57074, Germany
- Bundesverband Gastroenterologie Deutschland (BVGD) e. V., Berlin, 10707, Germany
| | - Oliver Hirsch
- Department of Psychology, FOM University of Applied Sciences, Siegen, 57078, Germany
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Adarkwah CC, Labenz J, Hirsch O. Burnout and work satisfaction are differentially associated in gastroenterologists in Germany. F1000Res 2022; 11:368. [PMID: 35673351 PMCID: PMC9152463 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.110296.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burnout in the field of gastroenterology is an under-researched phenomenon. So far, only a few studies have dealt with this topic. There are large geographical variations in burnout rates with 16-20% of gastroenterologists in Mexico and Germany being at risk or having burnout, 30-40% in the United Kingdom, and 50-55% in South Korea, Canada, and the USA. The investigation of differential associations of burnout with important factors in gastroenterologists leading to tailored therapy recommendations is lacking. Therefore, we investigated the associations between work satisfaction and burnout in this specialization. METHODS We distributed an electronic survey to gastroenterologists organized mainly in the Federal Organization of Gastroenterology in Germany (the BVGD - Bundesverband Gastroenterologie Deutschland). The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Work Satisfaction Questionnaire (WSQ) were examined regarding their postulated internal structure in our sample of gastroenterologists. Canonical correlations were performed to examine the association between work satisfaction and burnout in endoscopy physicians. RESULTS An acceptable model fit was shown for both the MBI and the Work Satisfaction Questionnaire. The canonical correlation analysis resulted in two statistically significant canonical functions with correlations of .62 (p<.001) and .27 (p<.001). The full model across all functions was significant (χ 2 (18) = 386.26, p<.001). Burden, personal rewards, and global item regarding the job situation were good predictors for less exhaustion, while patient care and professional relations were good predictors for personal accomplishment. This supports the recognition of burnout as being a multidimensional construct which has to be thoroughly diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS Specific interventions should be designed to improve symptoms of burnout in endoscopy physicians according to their individual complaints as burnout is a multidimensional construct. Differential interventions should be offered on the basis of our study results in order to alleviate the issue of work satisfaction and burnout in endoscopy physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Christian Adarkwah
- Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Philipps-University, Marburg, 35043, Germany
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Department of Health Services Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Labenz
- Medizinische Klinik, Diakonie Klinikum, Siegen, 57074, Germany
- Bundesverband Gastroenterologie Deutschland (BVGD) e. V., Berlin, 10707, Germany
| | - Oliver Hirsch
- Department of Psychology, FOM University of Applied Sciences, Siegen, 57078, Germany
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Correia C, Teixeira R, de Almeida NMP, Morais S, Figueiredo P. Burnout in gastrenterologists: a national-level analysis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:1271-1278. [PMID: 34403305 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2021.1961308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The term burn-out or burnout, means 'burn to exhaustion', this term was first used by Herbert Freundenberg. According to Freundenberg, burnout is a 'state of physical and mental exhaustion conditioned by the individual's professional activity'. That is manifested through a set of signs and symptoms associated with physical and emotional breakdown that result from total energy exhaustion and the lack of resources or forces to 'help' others. OBJECTIVES Assess the occurrence of burnout in Portuguese gastroenterologists and understand how certain sociodemographic and professional variables might be associated with burnout manifestations. MATERIAL AND METHODS Observational descriptive, prospective and multicenter study, with analyzed data related to a sample of 52 national gastroenterologists, during the time between 5 February 2019 and 13 April 2019. An estimate of the burnout levels was carried out by the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) questionnaire validated for the Portuguese population - CBI-PT. Possible interconnection between sociodemographic and socio-professional variables were analyzed. RESULTS More than half of the gastroenterologists surveyed did not experience burnout in all subscales of the CBI. On a personal level, there were 13 gastroenterologists with moderate burnout and 11 with high burnout. Regarding the work extent, 18 gastroenterologists with moderate burnout and 7 with high burnout were identified. When considering patient level, it was possible to determine 21 gastroenterologists with moderate burnout and 3 with high burnout. There were no cases of severe burnout. Physicians who developed burnout were significantly younger (p < .001), had less service time (p = .007) and less leisure time (p = .024). Doctors in internship had a higher prevalence of burnout, which might be significantly related to a higher level of professional stress (p = .016). The performance of certain examinations (varicose ligation and endoscopic capsule), working during the weekend and the involvement in medico-legal issues had revealed an association with a higher prevalence of burnout. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION A higher prevalence of burnout was identified in young gastroenterologists, doctors in the internship, those performing high amounts of techniques (upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and colonoscopy), as well as doctors working during the weekend or involvement in legal-medical issues. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that if these young doctors do not acquire tools that will allow them to deal with this problem, it is expected that this pathology will reach critical levels within gastroenterologists, and consequently have a negative impact on healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Correia
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Teixeira
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Miguel Peres de Almeida
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia Morais
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Psychiatry Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Ong J, Swift C, Bath M, Ong S, Lim W, Al-Naeeb Y, Shankar A, Dan YY. The prevalence of burnout, risk factors, and job-related stressors in gastroenterologists: A systematic review. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:2338-2348. [PMID: 33704827 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Burnout is an important occupational hazard, and the scale of the problem within gastroenterology remains poorly understood. The primary objective of this study was to understand the prevalence of burnout in gastroenterology and ascertain if there was a common prevalence within the field. The secondary objective was to identify factors and job-related stressors that commonly contribute to burnout in gastroenterologists. METHODS Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and PsycINFO by two reviewers independently for articles published to 1 September 2020. The primary outcome measure was the reported prevalence of burnout in gastroenterologists. The secondary outcome measures were (i) the prevalence of non-somatic burnout symptoms (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low personal accomplishment) and (ii) the frequency of risk factors and stressors reported in studies. Data were presented, and limited meta-analyses discussed. RESULTS Data were extracted from 11 studies. 54.5% (6/11) of these studies reported the prevalence of burnout in gastroenterologists; this ranged from 18.3% to 64.4%. Similar to burnout prevalence, burnout symptoms showed geographical variation and were common in gastroenterologists (up to 63.9%). Factors associated with work volume, age, and female gender were the three most frequently reported risk factors for increased levels of stress and burnout in 72.7% (8/11), 54.5% (6/11), and 45.5% (5/11) of studies, respectively. Significant methodological and clinical heterogeneity was observed. CONCLUSIONS Burnout and its non-somatic symptoms are common in gastroenterologists, but the syndrome is understudied within the field. Further research and good quality data are needed to help address the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ong
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carla Swift
- Department of Gastroenterology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Michael Bath
- Department of Surgery, Whipps Cross University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Sharon Ong
- Division of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Sciences, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wanyen Lim
- Division of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Sciences, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yasseen Al-Naeeb
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Bedford Hospital NHS Trust, Bedford, UK
| | - Arun Shankar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Yock Young Dan
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Giménez Lozano JM, Martínez Ramón JP, Morales Rodríguez FM. Doctors and Nurses: A Systematic Review of the Risk and Protective Factors in Workplace Violence and Burnout. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3280. [PMID: 33810020 PMCID: PMC8004742 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims analyze the risk factors that lead to high levels of burnout among nurses and physicians and the protective factors that prevent them. Thus, it is also intended to explore the possible correlation between physical and verbal violence produced at work and the symptoms derived from burnout. Methods: The search was carried out on the Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science databases between 2000 and 2019 (on which date the bibliographic search ends). Descriptive studies estimating the prevalence of workplace violence and risk and protective factors and burnout were included. An adapted version of the Downs and Black quality checklist was used for article selection. 89.6 percent of the studies analysed were in the health sector. There is a significant correlation between burnout symptoms and physical violence at work. On the one hand, the risk factors that moderate this correlation were of structural/organisational type (social support, quality of the working environment, authoritarian leadership, little autonomy or long working days, etc.) and personal type (age, gender, nationality or academic degree, etc.). On the other hand, protective factors were the quality of the working environment, mutual support networks or coping strategies. The results were analysed in-depth and intervention strategies were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Miguel Giménez Lozano
- Department of Educational and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Juan Pedro Martínez Ramón
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Campus of Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Francisco Manuel Morales Rodríguez
- Department of Educational and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
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Duong N, Bollipo S, Repaka A, Sebastian S, Tennyson C, Charabaty A. When burn-out reaches a pandemic level in gastroenterology: a call for a more sustainable work-life balance. Frontline Gastroenterol 2021; 12:440-443. [PMID: 35401964 PMCID: PMC8989001 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2020-101725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Duong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Steven Bollipo
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia,Department of Gastroenterology, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aparna Repaka
- Division of Gastroenterology, VA Boston Healthcare System; Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shaji Sebastian
- IBD Unit, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, Kingston upon Hull, UK
| | - Christina Tennyson
- Fellow, Andrew Weil Center for Integrative Medicine, Tuscon, Arizona, USA
| | - Aline Charabaty
- Department of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Sibley Memorial Hospital; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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