Importance of assay conditions in visualization and quantitation of serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes separated by electrophoresis

Generation of a monoclonal antibody specific for tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase and its use in a clinical diagnostic study

Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) in serum comprises liver alkaline phosphatase (liver-ALP) and bone alkaline phosphatase (bone-ALP). Liver-ALP is a marker of liver disease; thus a specific method for its measurement would be useful. Measurement of ALP by electrophoresis is difficult, although all of the isozymes can be assessed simultaneously. Total ALP can also be measured by automated analyzer, but it is difficult to determine the cause of a high ALP value because bone-, intestine-, placenta-, and tumor-ALP are measured together. Thus, anti-TNSALP monoclonal antibodies that can resolve these problems are needed. Here we have generated an anti-TNSALP monoclonal antibody, 3-29-3R. This clone has specificity to liver-ALP rather than to bone-ALP. In electrophoresis, 3-29-3R reacted with TNSALP and shifted the bands. The use of 3-29-3R enabled easy interpretation of the results. Furthermore, we tested 3-29-3R by developing an immunocapture enzymatic assay (IEA). Preliminary results of the IEA show that this method is effective for measurement of liver-ALP. Thus, the monoclonal antibody that we have established may be a useful tool for clinical diagnosis.

Alkaline phosphatase from rat liver and kidney is differentially modulated

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and modulators of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), multidrug resistance protein (MRP) and hepatic taurocholate uptake on the activity of tissue-nonspecific ALP (TNALP) in liver and kidney.

DESIGN AND RESULTS

ALP activity was determined in rat liver and kidney homogenates. Levamisole had a stronger inhibitory effect on renal TNALP than on the hepatic isoform. 1,3-dimethylxanthine (theophylline) almost abolished renal TNALP activity whereas its effect on hepatic TNALP was less intense. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) and lidocaine produced opposite effects, activating hepatic TNALP and inhibiting the kidney isoform. Quinidine significantly inhibited renal TNALP without affecting hepatic TNALP. Kaempferol activated both liver and kidney isoforms, the effect being more pronounced on hepatic TNALP.

CONCLUSIONS

a) renal TNALP seems to be more sensitive to inhibition than hepatic TNALP, b) TNALP activity studies should take into account the source of ALP isoform and c) ALP pharmacological manipulation in vivo may produce different and even opposite effects in different tissues/organs.

Effect of fasting on rat duodenal and jejunal microvilli

Duodenal and jejunal ultrastructural morphology and total serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were investigated in Wistar rats submitted to normal feeding, a 24 h fasting without or with access to sawdust or expanded polystyrene, and a 22 h fasting followed by a 2 h refeeding. Ultrastructural observation of duodenal and jejunal villous tips showed the occurrence of degenerating epithelial cells that were much more frequent in the epithelium of fasted rats. Refeeding and ingestion of sawdust or expanded polystyrene decreased the mean percentage of degenerating cells in the duodenum but not in the jejunum in comparison to plain fasted animals. Normal feeding produced the highest value of serum ALP activity. Refeeding as well as ingestion of sawdust or expanded polystyrene increased serum ALP activity values from those of plain fasted state: the difference being significant only for the refed group. It is concluded that: a) feeding, for both duodenum and jejunum, and refeeding and mechanical stimulation, just for the duodenum, increased proliferation, decreased apoptosis or facilitated desquamation of the epithelium; b) ALP increase in serum was induced by feeding and refeeding.

Physiologic concentrations of bile salts inhibit rat hepatic alkaline phosphatase but not the intestinal isoenzyme

OBJECTIVE

The effect of bile salts on alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activity from Wistar rat liver, duodenum, jejunum, and serum was investigated.

DESIGN AND RESULTS

For concentrations higher than 1 mM conjugated bile salts (glycocholate, glycochenodeoxycholate, taurocholate, taurodeoxycholate, and taurochenodeoxycholate) inhibited hepatic ALP but, up to concentrations of 10 mM, had no effect on intestinal ALP. Also cholate, deoxycholate, and chenodeoxycholate, within the same concentration range, did not have any effect on intestinal ALP. ALP inhibition induced by conjugated bile salts was significantly higher in serum of starved rats than in serum of fed animals, what is in good agreement with the known higher proportion of hepatic ALP and lower proportion of intestinal ALP in serum of starved rats.

CONCLUSIONS

Bile salts can, thus, be used to help discriminating between tissue-nonspecific and intestinal ALP isoenzymes and identifying pathologic conditions where the relative quantities of these isoenzymes are altered in serum. Inhibition of hepatic ALP by physiologic concentrations of bile salts may bear some relation to the bile salts effects on their own enterohepatic circulation and/or biosynthesis.