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Keyur B, Pankaj D, Dhaval M, Daxa K. Bile Duct Injury: Surgical Use of Endobiliary Stents for the Management in Emergency Situations. Indian J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-020-02605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Benign Bile Duct Strictures. Indian J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-019-02060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Ekmekcigil E, Ünalp Ö, Uğuz A, Hasanov R, Bozkaya H, Köse T, Parıldar M, Özütemiz Ö, Çoker A. Management of iatrogenic bile duct injuries: Multiple logistic regression analysis of predictive factors affecting morbidity and mortality. Turk J Surg 2018; 34:264-270. [PMID: 30216168 DOI: 10.5152/turkjsurg.2018.3888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Iatrogenic bile duct injuries remain a challenge for the surgeons to overcome. The predictive factors affecting morbidity and mortality are important for determining the best management modality. MATERIAL AND METHODS The patients who referred to Ege University Faculty of Medicine after laparoscopy associated iatrogenic bile duct injury are grouped according to Strasberg-Bismuth classification system. The type and number of prior attempts, concomitant complications, and treatment modalities are analyzed using the SPSS version 18 (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA). The variables with p<0.10 were considered for univariate analysis and then evaluated for predictive factors by forward Logistic Regression method using multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS According to the analysis of 105 patients who were referred during 2004-2014, the type and number of prior attempts are considered predictive factors in sepsis. In multiple logistic regression analysis, abscess formation, concomitant vascular injury, and serum bilirubin level are significantly effective in predicting mortality. CONCLUSION The management of iatrogenic bile duct injuries should be carefully planned with a multidisciplinary approach. The predictive factors affecting morbidity and mortality are important in determining the best modality for managing iatrogenic bile duct injuries. Abscess formation, vascular injury, and serum bilirubin level are the potential risk factors. Therefore, we can strongly recommend immediate assessment of patients for prompt diagnosis and referring to an HPB center, to avoid further injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ela Ekmekcigil
- Department of General Surgery, Ege University University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ömer Ünalp
- Department of General Surgery, Ege University University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Alper Uğuz
- Department of General Surgery, Ege University University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ruslan Hasanov
- Department of General Surgery, Ege University University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Halil Bozkaya
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ege University University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Timur Köse
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Ege University University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Parıldar
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ege University University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ömer Özütemiz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ege University University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Çoker
- Department of General Surgery, Ege University University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
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Karanikas M, Bozali F, Vamvakerou V, Markou M, Memet Chasan ZT, Efraimidou E, Papavramidis TS. Biliary tract injuries after lap cholecystectomy-types, surgical intervention and timing. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:163. [PMID: 27275476 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.05.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bile duct lesions, including leaks and strictures, are immanent complications of open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Endoscopic procedures have gained increasing potential as the treatment of choice in the management of postoperative bile duct injuries. Bile duct injury (BDI) is a severe and potentially life-threatening complication of LC. Several series have described a 0.5% to 0.6% incidence of BDI during LC. Early recognition and an adequate multidisciplinary approach are the cornerstones for the optimal final outcome. Suboptimal management of injuries often leads to more extensive damage to the biliary tree and its vasculature. Early referral to a tertiary care center with experienced hepatobiliary surgeons and skilled interventional radiologists would appear to be necessary to assure optimal results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Karanikas
- 1 1st Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, 68100 Thrace, Greece ; 2 1st Propedeutic Surgical Clinic, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54655 Macedonia, Greece
| | - Ferdi Bozali
- 1 1st Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, 68100 Thrace, Greece ; 2 1st Propedeutic Surgical Clinic, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54655 Macedonia, Greece
| | - Vasileia Vamvakerou
- 1 1st Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, 68100 Thrace, Greece ; 2 1st Propedeutic Surgical Clinic, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54655 Macedonia, Greece
| | - Markos Markou
- 1 1st Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, 68100 Thrace, Greece ; 2 1st Propedeutic Surgical Clinic, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54655 Macedonia, Greece
| | - Zeinep Tzoutze Memet Chasan
- 1 1st Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, 68100 Thrace, Greece ; 2 1st Propedeutic Surgical Clinic, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54655 Macedonia, Greece
| | - Eleni Efraimidou
- 1 1st Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, 68100 Thrace, Greece ; 2 1st Propedeutic Surgical Clinic, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54655 Macedonia, Greece
| | - Theodossis S Papavramidis
- 1 1st Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, 68100 Thrace, Greece ; 2 1st Propedeutic Surgical Clinic, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54655 Macedonia, Greece
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Fortunato AA, Gentile JKDA, Caetano DP, Gomes MAZ, Bassi MA. Comparative analysis of iatrogenic injury of biliary tract in laparotomic and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. ABCD-ARQUIVOS BRASILEIROS DE CIRURGIA DIGESTIVA 2015; 27:272-4. [PMID: 25626937 PMCID: PMC4743220 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-67202014000400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Iatrogenic injury to the bile ducts is the most feared complication of
cholecystectomy and several are the possibilities to occur. Aim To compare the cases of iatrogenic lesions of the biliary tract occurring in
conventional and laparoscopic cholecystectomy, assessing the likely causal
factors, complications and postoperative follow-up. Methods Retrospective cohort study with analysis of records of patients undergoing
conventional and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. All the patients were analyzed in
two years. The only criterion for inclusion was to be operative bile duct injury,
regardless of location or time of diagnosis. There were no exclusion criteria.
Epidemiological data of patients, time of diagnosis of the lesion and its location
were analyzed. Results Total of 515 patients with gallstones was operated, 320 (62.1 %) by laparotomy
cholecystectomy and 195 by laparoscopic approach. The age of patients with bile
duct injury ranged from 29-70 years. Among those who underwent laparotomy
cholecystectomy, four cases were diagnosed (1.25 %) with lesions, corresponding to
0.77 % of the total patients. No patient had iatrogenic interventions with
laparoscopic surgery. Conclusion Laparoscopic cholecystectomy compared to laparotomy, had a lower rate of bile duct
injury.
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Abstract
Iatrogenic bile duct injuries (IBDI) remain an important problem in gastrointestinal surgery. They are most frequently caused by laparoscopic cholecystectomy which is one of the commonest surgical procedures in the world. The early and proper diagnosis of IBDI is very important for surgeons and gastroenterologists, because unrecognized IBDI lead to serious complications such as biliary cirrhosis, hepatic failure and death. Laboratory and radiological investigations play an important role in the diagnosis of biliary injuries. There are many classifications of IBDI. The most popular and simple classification of IBDI is the Bismuth scale. Endoscopic techniques are recommended for initial treatment of IBDI. When endoscopic treatment is not effective, surgical management is considered. Different surgical reconstructions are performed in patients with IBDI. According to the literature, Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy is the most frequent surgical reconstruction and recommended by most authors. In the opinion of some authors, a more physiological and equally effective type of reconstruction is end-to-end ductal anastomosis. Long term results are the most important in the assessment of the effectiveness of IBDI treatment. There are a few classifications for the long term results in patients treated for IBDI; the Terblanche scale, based on clinical biliary symptoms, is regarded as the most useful classification. Proper diagnosis and treatment of IBDI may avoid many serious complications and improve quality of life.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile duct injury (BDI) is a severe complication that may arise during the surgical treatment of a benign disease. A significant proportion of cases develop end-stage liver disease and a liver transplant is required. The aim of this study was to analyze the indications and results of liver transplantation as treatment for BDI. METHODS Between January 1988 and May 2007, 20 patients with end-stage liver disease secondary to BDI were included on the liver transplant waiting list. Retrospective charts were analyzed and survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier test. RESULTS Four patients died while on the waiting list and 16 received a transplant. Injury to the bile duct occurred during a cholecystectomy in 13 of 16 patients, with the main cause of the lesion being duct division in six patients and resection in four. All patients had received some surgical treatment (median = 2 procedures) before being considered for a transplant. The liver transplant came from a cadaveric donor for all patients and the median time between BDI and liver transplant was 60 months. Two patients died in the postoperative period and nine had complications. Three patients died in the late postoperative period. Median follow-up was 62 (range = 24-152) months. One-, three-, and five-year survival rates were 81, 75, and 75%, respectively. CONCLUSION Complex bile duct injuries and bile duct injuries with previous repair attempts can result in end-stage liver disease. In these cases, liver transplantation provides long-term survival.
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Söderlund C, Frozanpor F, Linder S. Bile Duct Injuries at Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Single-Institution Prospective Study. Acute Cholecystitis Indicates an Increased Risk. World J Surg 2005; 29:987-93. [PMID: 15977078 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-005-7871-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has become established as the gold standard. The drawbacks in the form of bile duct (BD) injuries have also come into focus. We present the results of a prospective, consecutive series of 1568 patients with reference to BD injuries regarding risks, management, and preventive measures. The significant complications of all patients operated upon with LC between October 1999 and December 2003 were recorded prospectively. BD injuries were classified according to Strasberg into types A-E. Transected major BDs, injuries of type E, were regarded as "major" injuries and types A, B, C, and D were "minor" injuries. Major BDs were transected in five patients (0.3%), three of whom had acute cholecystitis. In the two patients operated on electively, the BD injuries were detected postoperatively, while they were detected intraoperatively when the operation was performed of necessity. The BDs were all reconstructed with a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Two patients had anastomotic strictures. Minor BD injuries were encountered in 19 patients (1.2%). The 13 patients with leakage from the cystic duct or gallbladder bed, injury type A, were treated by endoscopic (ERC) stenting without sequelae. Five patients sustained a lateral BD injury, type D; they were treated with a simple suture over a T-tube (at LC) or endoscopically (ERC) without further problems. A transected aberrant right hepatic BD, type C injury, was due to its small-caliber sutured. Minor BD injuries could be managed at the primary hospital if the endoscopic expertise were at hand. Acute cholecystitis seems to be a risk factor for BD injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claes Söderlund
- Upper GI Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Stockholm South Hospital, SE 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Debru E, Dawson A, Leibman S, Richardson M, Glen L, Hollinshead J, Falk GL. Does routine intraoperative cholangiography prevent bile duct transection? Surg Endosc 2005; 19:589-93. [PMID: 15759189 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-004-8711-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Accepted: 10/26/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of routine intraoperative cholangiography is controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of routine intraoperative cholangiography on the incidence of common bile duct injuries, and to evaluate the operative outcome of laparoscopic cholecystectomy carried out in a major teaching hospital and review the literature. METHODS Prospectively collected data on 3,145 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed mainly by surgical trainees in the period 1990 to 2002 using routine intraoperative cholangiography with fluoroscopy were reviewed. RESULTS The mean age of the study sample (65.6% male, 34.4% female) was 54 years, and 16.9% of the patients had clinical acute cholecystitis. The conversion rate to open cholecystectomy was 4.3%. Intraoperative cholangiography was attempted for 90.7% of the patients with a 95.9% success rate. Five patients (0.16%) had common bile duct injuries. Four injuries had occurred in the first 5 years. One injury (0.06%) had occurred after 1995. This injury was identified intraoperatively and repaired laparoscopically. Routine intraoperative cholangiography prevented one definite common bile duct transection. CONCLUSIONS In this series using routine intraoperative cholangiography, there was a low rate and severity of common bile duct injuries, with a high intraoperative recognition rate. There was no bile duct transection or major injury requiring common bile duct reconstruction. Although intraoperative cholangiography helped in the immediate identification of injuries and the institution of appropriate therapy, injury was not completely prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Debru
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, The University of Sydney, Hospital Road, Sydney, NSW, 2139, Australia
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Heinrich S, Seifert H, Krähenbühl L, Fellbaum C, Lorenz M. Right hemihepatectomy for bile duct injury following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 2003; 17:1494-5. [PMID: 12820055 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-002-4278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2002] [Accepted: 12/12/2002] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has become the treatment of choice for patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis. But with the introduction of this technique, the incidence of bile duct injuries has increased. We report the case of a 33-year-old man who was transferred from an affiliated hospital to our department for the treatment of a bile duct injury 2 weeks after LC. Prior to transfer, a laparotomy had been performed, with insertion of a T-tube and a Robinson drain on day 5 after LC. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) on admission day revealed an extensive defect of the right biliary system, which could not be treated endoscopically. An emergency laparotomy had to be performed at night for acute bleeding from the portal vein. Due to massive inflammation in the porta hepatis and intraparenchymal destruction of the right bile duct, liver resection was performed 2 days later, after the patient had stabilized in the intensive care unit (ICU). The patient had a prolonged postoperative course, but he finally recovered well from these operations. In conclusion, the management of bile duct injuries should include ultrasound to detect and drain fluid collections and ERC to classify the injury. Emergency laparotomy should never be performed without these examinations, since the majority of bile duct injuries can be treated endoscopically. Surgery for this serious complication should always be performed at specialized centers for hepatobiliary surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Heinrich
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany. stefan.heinrich.chi.usz.ch
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Bauske R, Milovic V, Turchanowa L, Stein J. EGF-stimulated polyamine accumulation in the colon carcinoma cell line, Caco-2. Digestion 2000; 61:230-6. [PMID: 10878449 DOI: 10.1159/000007763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) are ubiquitous molecules indispensable for cell proliferation. In the intestinal lumen they are present in high amounts. Polyamine accumulation in proliferating cells of the intestinal mucosa is high, and it occurs both by enhanced synthesis and by increased uptake from the lumen. AIMS To study mitogen-induced polyamine accumulation in the gut, we treated proliferating Caco-2 cells with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and measured the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and putrescine uptake. Furthermore, we investigated whether EGF-induced changes in the apical membrane could be responsible for the effect of EGF on polyamine uptake in Caco-2 cells. METHODS Putrescine uptake, ODC activity and intracellular polyamine content were evaluated in the presence of 100 ng/ml EGF. To study the mechanisms of EGF-stimulated polyamine uptake, apical membrane vesicles were isolated, and putrescine uptake into the vesicles measured. Possible enrichment in brush border membrane cytoskeleton proteins (ezrin and villin) was assessed by Western blot. RESULTS Treatment with EGF induced an increase in ODC activity, which occurred within the first minutes of treatment and reached peak values after 3 h. In contrast, an increase in putrescine uptake was more sustained, with peak levels at 12 h. Both synthesis and uptake contributed to an over 60% increase in intracellular putrescine and spermidine after EGF treatment. There were no detectable changes in apical membrane cytoskeleton (as concluded by the absence of ezrin and villin enrichment in EGF-treated Caco-2 cells). However, in apical membrane vesicles isolated from EGF-pretreated cells, putrescine uptake was enhanced twofold. CONCLUSIONS EGF stimulates both synthesis and uptake of polyamines in Caco-2 cells. Enhanced synthesis seems to ensure rapid supply with polyamines in the earliest stages of growth, while the uptake is responsible for the maintenance of high polyamine intracellular levels during late growth phases. EGF-stimulated polyamine uptake is apparently not a consequence of structural changes in the apical membrane, but is likely to occur by a distinct EGF-induced alteration of the polyamine transporter itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bauske
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Weigert N, Schepp W, Haller A, Schusdziarra V. Regulation of gastrin, somatostatin and bombesin release from the isolated rat stomach by exogenous and endogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid. Digestion 2000; 59:16-25. [PMID: 9468094 DOI: 10.1159/000007462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS AND METHODS gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is localized in epithelial cells and intrinsic nerve fibers of the gastric mucosa raising the possibility of a regulatory role for this transmitter. Therefore, it was the aim of the present study to examine the effect of exogenous and endogenous GABA on the neuroendocrine functions of the isolated perfused rat stomach. RESULTS Infusion of GABA (10(-8), 10(-6), 10(-4) M) caused a significant increase in gastrin release by 187 +/- 98, 328 +/- 43 and 493 +/- 84 pg/20 min and a significant decrease in somatostatin secretion by -540 +/- 203, -867 +/- 96 and -893 +/- 195 pg/20 min, respectively. Release of bombesin-like immunoreactivity (BLI) remained unchanged during infusion of GABA at the concentrations employed. The gastrin and somatostatin responses to 10(-4) M GABA were completely inhibited by the GABA(A) antagonist bicuculline (10(-5) M) and the cholinergic blocker atropine(l0(-7) M), whereas the GABAB antagonist CGP 35348 (5 x 10(-5) M) was ineffective. To evaluate the contribution of endogenous GABA in the vagal regulation of gastric neuroendocrine functions, gastrin, somatostatin and BLI responses to electrical stimulation of the vagal nerves were examined in the presence of bicuculline. Vagal stimulation (10 V, 10 Hz, 1 ms) induced a significant inhibition of somatostatin release by - 518 +/- 78 pg/10 min, which was attenuated to -259 +/- 143 pg/10 min (p < 0.05) in the presence of bicuculline. Atropine (10(-7) M) turned vagally induced inhibition of somatostatin release into a stimulation by 928 +/- 266 pg/10 min which was not altered by additionally infused bicuculline. Vagally stimulated gastrin release was reduced from 397 +/- 47 to 217 +/- 72 pg/10 min (p < 0.05) by bicuculline, while atropine had no effect. Vagally induced BLI release was not altered by bicuculline and atropine. Since the effect of bicuculline on vagally induced gastrin release was independent of cholinergic mechanisms, a potential direct effect of GABA on gastrin release was examined in isolated rabbit antral G cells. In this preparation carbachol (10(-4) M) and neuromedin C (10(-9) M) significantly stimulated gastrin release from 2.6 +/- 0.4 to 4.9 +/- 0.3 and 8.5 +/- 0.9% of the total cellular content, respectively, while GABA (10(-10)-10(-3) M) changed neither basal nor carbachol- and neuromedin C-stimulated gastrin release. CONCLUSION The present data confirm that exogenous GABA stimulates gastrin release and inhibits somatostatin release from the isolated rat stomach via GABA(A) receptors by activating cholinergic neurotransmission. Furthermore, it was shown for the first time that endogenous GABA contributes to the vagal regulation of gastrin and somatostatin release from the rat stomach. Inhibition of somatostatin secretion by endogenous GABA is mediated by cholinergic mechanisms, whereas stimulation of gastrin release is mediated by pathways unrelated to the cholinergic system and bombesin peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Weigert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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