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Hammerl JA, Barac A, Bienert A, Demir A, Drüke N, Jäckel C, Matthies N, Jun JW, Skurnik M, Ulrich J, Hertwig S. Birds Kept in the German Zoo "Tierpark Berlin" Are a Common Source for Polyvalent Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Phages. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:634289. [PMID: 35046908 PMCID: PMC8762354 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.634289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is an important animal pathogen, particularly for birds, rodents, and monkeys, which is also able to infect humans. Indeed, an increasing number of reports have been published on zoo animals that were killed by this species. One option to treat diseased animals is the application of strictly lytic (virulent) phages. However, thus far relatively few phages infecting Y. pseudotuberculosis have been isolated and characterized. To determine the prevalence of Y. pseudotuberculosis phages in zoo animals, fecal samples of birds and some primates, maras, and peccaries kept in the Tierpark Berlin were analyzed. Seventeen out of 74 samples taken in 2013 and 2017 contained virulent phages. The isolated phages were analyzed in detail and could be allocated to three groups. The first group is composed of 10 T4-like phages (PYps2T taxon group: Myoviridae; Tevenvirinae; Tequatrovirus), the second group (PYps23T taxon group: Chaseviridae; Carltongylesvirus; Escherichia virus ST32) consists of five phages encoding a podovirus-like RNA polymerase that is related to an uncommon genus of myoviruses (e.g., Escherichia coli phage phiEcoM-GJ1), while the third group is comprised of two podoviruses (PYps50T taxon group: Autographiviridae; Studiervirinae; Berlinvirus) which are closely related to T7. The host range of the isolated phages differed significantly. Between 5.5 and 86.7% of 128 Y. pseudotuberculosis strains belonging to 20 serotypes were lysed by each phage. All phages were additionally able to lyse Y. enterocolitica B4/O:3 strains, when incubated at 37°C. Some phages also infected Y. pestis strains and even strains belonging to other genera of Enterobacteriaceae. A cocktail containing two of these phages would be able to lyse almost 93% of the tested Y. pseudotuberculosis strains. The study indicates that Y. pseudotuberculosis phages exhibiting a broad-host range can be isolated quite easily from zoo animals, particularly birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Andre Hammerl
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Barac
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Bienert
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aslihan Demir
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niklas Drüke
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Jäckel
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Matthies
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jin Woo Jun
- Department of Aquaculture, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juliane Ulrich
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hertwig
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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Investigation of Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains from Georgia and neighboring countries in the Caucasus by high-density SNP microarray. Arch Microbiol 2018; 200:1345-1355. [PMID: 29974157 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-018-1545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is a recently evolved clone of the enteropathogenic bacterium Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Y. pestis has been extensively studied for decades; however, there are insufficient data about the intra-species diversity of this microorganism in certain parts of the world, including the Caucasus region. Using a high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray, we genotyped a total of 46 Y. pestis isolates from two plague foci in Georgia and neighboring Caucasus countries together with 12 Y. pseudotuberculosis isolates from Georgia. The genotyping microarray captured a total of 13,525 SNP positions across the Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis genomes and plasmids with high-throughput capability and superior reproducibility. From this analysis, we confirmed the presence of two independent and relatively distant phylogenetic groups of Y. pestis in the Caucasus region. The signature SNP patterns identified from this study will allow assay development for plague surveillance and pseudotuberculosis diagnostics.
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Rosner BM, Werber D, Höhle M, Stark K. Clinical aspects and self-reported symptoms of sequelae of Yersinia enterocolitica infections in a population-based study, Germany 2009-2010. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:236. [PMID: 23701958 PMCID: PMC3669037 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foodborne Yersinia enterocolitica infections continue to be a public health problem in many countries. Consumption of raw or undercooked pork is the main risk factor for yersiniosis in Germany. Small children are most frequently affected by yersiniosis. In older children and young adults, symptoms of disease may resemble those of appendicitis and may lead to hospitalization and potentially unnecessary appendectomies. Y. enterocolitica infections may also cause sequelae such as reactive arthritis (ReA), erythema nodosum (EN), and conjunctivitis. METHODS We studied clinical aspects of yersiniosis, antimicrobial use, and self-reported occurrence of appendectomies, reactive arthritis, erythema nodosum and conjunctivitis. To assess post-infectious sequelae participants of a large population-based case-control study on laboratory-confirmed Y. enterocolitica infections conducted in Germany in 2009-2010 were followed for 4 weeks. RESULTS Diarrhea occurred most frequently in children ≤4 years (95%); abdominal pain in the lower right quadrant was most common in children 5-14 years of age (63%). Twenty-seven per cent of patients were hospitalized, 37% were treated with antimicrobials. In 6% of yersiniosis patients ≥5 years of age, appendectomies were performed. Self-reported symptoms consistent with ReA were reported by 12% of yersiniosis patients compared to 5% in a reference group not exposed to yersiniosis. Symptoms consistent with EN were reported by 3% of yersiniosis patients compared to 0.1% in the reference group. Symptoms of conjunctivitis occurred with the same frequency in yersiniosis patients and the reference group. CONCLUSIONS Acute Y. enterocolitica infections cause considerable burden of illness with symptoms lasting for about 10 days and hospitalizations in more than a quarter of patients. The proportion of yersiniosis patients treated with antimicrobial drugs appears to be relatively high despite guidelines recommending their use only in severe cases. Appendectomies and post-infectious complications (ReA and EN) are more frequently reported in yersiniosis patients than in the reference group suggesting that they can be attributed to infections with Y. enterocolitica. Physicians should keep recent Y. enterocolitica infection in mind in patients with symptoms resembling appendicitis as well as in patients with symptoms of unclear arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina M Rosner
- Robert Koch Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, DGZ-Ring 1, Berlin, 13086, Germany
| | - Dirk Werber
- Robert Koch Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, DGZ-Ring 1, Berlin, 13086, Germany
| | - Michael Höhle
- Robert Koch Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, DGZ-Ring 1, Berlin, 13086, Germany
| | - Klaus Stark
- Robert Koch Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, DGZ-Ring 1, Berlin, 13086, Germany
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Carter JD. Bacterial agents in spondyloarthritis: a destiny from diversity? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2011; 24:701-14. [PMID: 21035090 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The spondyloarthritides (SpAs) are a group of diseases that share clinical, radiographic and laboratory features; these arthritides also display a tendency for family aggregation. Given the intimate relationship that these types of arthritis share, it suggests that the SpAs might share a common aetiology. Of all the SpAs, the role of bacteria is most clearly defined in reactive arthritis. Tremendous recent insights into the pathophysiology of reactive arthritis have been made, demonstrating that the causative bacteria play a much more complex role than previously thought. The bacteria that are proven to cause reactive arthritis, one of the five types of SpA, will be reviewed and their role in the pathophysiology of reactive arthritis will be examined. The speculative data suggesting links between various other bacteria and the other types of SpAs will be critically analysed. Although these data are not definitive, when viewed using the paradigm that the SpAs might actually represent a common end point from several diverse starting points, they are provocative, suggesting that bacteria might, indeed, be aetiological for the entire group of SpAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Carter
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Division of Rheumatology, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Carter JD, Hudson AP. Reactive arthritis: clinical aspects and medical management. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2009; 35:21-44. [PMID: 19480995 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive arthritis (ReA) is an inflammatory arthritis that arises after certain gastrointestinal or genitourinary infections, representing a classic interplay between host and environment. It belongs to the group of arthritidies known as the spondyloarthropathies. The classic syndrome is a triad of symptoms, including the urethra, conjunctiva, and synovium; however, the majority of patients do not present with this triad. Diagnostic criteria for ReA exist, but data suggest new criteria are needed. Epidemiologic and prospective studies have been difficult to perform because of over-reliance on the complete classic triad of symptoms and the different terms and eponyms used. Studies assessing various treatment strategies are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Carter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC 81, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Kangas S, Takkinen J, Hakkinen M, Nakari UM, Johansson T, Henttonen H, Virtaluoto L, Siitonen A, Ollgren J, Kuusi M. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O:1 traced to raw carrots, Finland. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 14:1959-61. [PMID: 19046537 PMCID: PMC2634618 DOI: 10.3201/eid1412.080284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Carter JD. Reactive arthritis: defined etiologies, emerging pathophysiology, and unresolved treatment. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2007; 20:827-47. [PMID: 17118292 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
ReA is unique in that it is one of the few disease states of which there is a known trigger. This insight into disease initiation has led to great advances in the pathophysiology. Despite this detailed knowledge, the proper treatment remains elusive. In the years to come it is possible that the specific treatment will be dictated by the triggering microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Carter
- Division of Rheumatology, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC 81, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Serra T, González de Cárdenas M, Plovins J, Ballesteros A, Vindel A, Sáez-Nieto JA. [Three cases of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis gastrointestinal infection having no apparent epidemiological relationship, caused by identical strains]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2005; 23:19-21. [PMID: 15701328 DOI: 10.1157/13070404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastrointestinal infections caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are uncommon in our country and the epidemiology of the infection is uncertain. METHODS We describe three cases of Y. pseudotuberculosis gastrointestinal infection, all detected within one month of time. A possible epidemiological relationship among these cases, as well as the microbial characteristics of the isolates, was investigated. RESULTS. No epidemiological relationships were found among the three cases. Nevertheless, all three isolates were identical according to phenotyping and molecular marker studies. CONCLUSION This report discusses the possible source of infection in these cases, with reference to published data from sporadic cases and outbreaks of infection by this microorganism. We suggest that future studies are needed to know the real incidence of Y. pseudotuberculosis in our country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Serra
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Son Dureta, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Niskanen T, Waldenström J, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Olsen B, Korkeala H. virF-positive Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica found in migratory birds in Sweden. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:4670-5. [PMID: 12902256 PMCID: PMC169077 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.8.4670-4675.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During spring and autumn migrations, 468 fecal samples from 57 different species of migratory birds were collected in Sweden. In total, Yersinia spp. were isolated from 12.8% of collected samples. The most commonly found species was Yersinia enterocolitica, which was isolated from 5.6% of all collected samples, followed by Y. intermedia (3.8%), Y. frederiksenii (3.0%), Y. kristensenii (0.9%), Y. pseudotuberculosis (0.6%), and Y. rohdei (0.4%). The pathogenic, virF-positive Y. pseudotuberculosis strains were recovered from three thrushes. These strains belonged to the same bioserotype, 1/O:2, but had two different profiles as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with NotI and SpeI enzymes. In addition, 10 Y. enterocolitica strains, all from barnacle geese, belonged to bioserotype 3/O:3, which is associated with human disease. Two of the strains were pathogenic, carrying the virF gene on their plasmids. All pathogenic Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica strains were recovered during the spring, and as the birds were caught during active migration they likely became infected at an earlier stage of the migration, thus potentially transporting these bacterial pathogens over long geographical distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taina Niskanen
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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