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Bao J, Tang Y, Chen Y, Jin J, Wang X, An G, Cao L, Zhang H, Cheng G, Pan G, Zhou Z. E. hellem Ser/Thr protein phosphatase PP1 targets the DC MAPK pathway and impairs immune functions. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302375. [PMID: 38199846 PMCID: PMC10781585 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are difficult to be completely eliminated once infected, and the persistence disrupts host cell functions. Here in this study, we aimed to elucidate the impairing effects and consequences of microsporidia on host DCs. Enterocytozoon hellem, one of the most commonly diagnosed zoonotic microsporidia species, was applied. In vivo models demonstrated that E. hellem-infected mice were more susceptible to further pathogenic challenges, and DCs were identified as the most affected groups of cells. In vitro assays revealed that E. hellem infection impaired DCs' immune functions, reflected by down-regulated cytokine expressions, lower extent of maturation, phagocytosis ability, and antigen presentations. E. hellem infection also detained DCs' potencies to prime and stimulate T cells; therefore, host immunities were disrupted. We found that E. hellem Ser/Thr protein phosphatase PP1 directly interacts with host p38α (MAPK14) to manipulate the p38α(MAPK14)/NFAT5 axis of the MAPK pathway. Our study is the first to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the impairing effects of microsporidia on host DCs' immune functions. The emergence of microsporidiosis may be of great threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Bao
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunlin Tang
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yebo Chen
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangyan Jin
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Wang
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guozhen An
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Cao
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huarui Zhang
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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2
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Huang Q, Chen J, Pan G, Reinke AW. Screening of the Pandemic Response Box identifies anti-microsporidia compounds. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011806. [PMID: 38064503 PMCID: PMC10732440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are fungal obligate intracellular pathogens, which infect most animals and cause microsporidiosis. Despite the serious threat that microsporidia pose to humans and agricultural animals, few drugs are available for the treatment and control of microsporidia. To identify novel inhibitors, we took advantage of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans infected with its natural microsporidian Nematocida parisii. We used this system to screen the Pandemic Response Box, a collection of 400 diverse compounds with known antimicrobial activity. After testing these compounds in a 96-well format at high (100 μM) and low (40 μM) concentrations, we identified four inhibitors that restored the ability of C. elegans to produce progeny in the presence of N. parisii. All four compounds reduced the pathogen load of both N. parisii and Pancytospora epiphaga, a C. elegans-infecting microsporidia related to human-infecting species. One of these compounds, a known inhibitor of a viral protease, MMV1006203, inhibited invasion and prevented the firing of spores. A bis-indole derivative, MMV1593539, decreased spore viability. An albendazole analog, MMV1782387, inhibited proliferation of N. parisii. We tested albendazole as well as 5 other analogs and observed that MMV1782387 was amongst the strongest inhibitors of N. parisii and displayed the least host toxicity. Our study further demonstrates the effectiveness of the C. elegans-N. parisii system for discovering microsporidia inhibitors and the compounds we identified provide potential scaffolds for anti-microsporidia drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aaron W. Reinke
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Encephalitozoon spp. as a potential human pathogen. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2022-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Encephalitzoon spp. are microsporidia, and intracellular opportunistic pathogens. The hosts of these pathogens include vertebrates, invertebrates, and certain protozoa. In people microsporidia may be opportunistic pathogens for immunocompromised patients (with AIDS or after organ transplantation). Infection with these microorganisms was also described in persons with diarrhea and corneal diseases.
The species causing rare infections in humans, Encephalitozooncuniculi, had previously been described from animal hosts. However, several new microsporidial species, including E. intestinalis and E. hellem, have been discovered in humans, raising the question of their natural origin. Vertebrate animals are now identified as hosts for all three microsporidial species infecting humans, implying a zoonotic nature of these microorganisms. Molecular studies have identified phenotypic and/or genetic variability within these species, indicating that they are not uniform, and have allowed the question of their zoonotic potential to be addressed. The focus of this review is to present the zoonotic potential of E. intestinalis, E. cuniculi, and E. hellem.
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Gómez XE, Castillo JJ, Gómez MA. Bone marrow aspiration in a patient with systemic microsporidium. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e05845. [PMID: 35600011 PMCID: PMC9109649 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ximena E. Gómez
- General Medicine Japanese Peruvian Centennial Clinic Lima Perú
| | - Jorge J. Castillo
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies Dana‐Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Marco A. Gómez
- Division of Hematology Japanese Peruvian Centennial Clinic Lima Perú
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Wei J, Fei Z, Pan G, Weiss LM, Zhou Z. Current Therapy and Therapeutic Targets for Microsporidiosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:835390. [PMID: 35356517 PMCID: PMC8959712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.835390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular, spore-forming parasitic fungi which are grouped with the Cryptomycota. They are both opportunistic pathogens in humans and emerging veterinary pathogens. In humans, they cause chronic diarrhea in immune-compromised patients and infection is associated with increased mortality. Besides their role in pébrine in sericulture, which was described in 1865, the prevalence and severity of microsporidiosis in beekeeping and aquaculture has increased markedly in recent decades. Therapy for these pathogens in medicine, veterinary, and agriculture has become a recent focus of attention. Currently, there are only a few commercially available antimicrosporidial drugs. New therapeutic agents are needed for these infections and this is an active area of investigation. In this article we provide a comprehensive summary of the current as well as several promising new agents for the treatment of microsporidiosis including: albendazole, fumagillin, nikkomycin, orlistat, synthetic polyamines, and quinolones. Therapeutic targets which could be utilized for the design of new drugs are also discussed including: tubulin, type 2 methionine aminopeptidase, polyamines, chitin synthases, topoisomerase IV, triosephosphate isomerase, and lipase. We also summarize reports on the utility of complementary and alternative medicine strategies including herbal extracts, propolis, and probiotics. This review should help facilitate drug development for combating microsporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihui Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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6
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Chai JY, Jung BK, Hong SJ. Albendazole and Mebendazole as Anti-Parasitic and Anti-Cancer Agents: an Update. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 59:189-225. [PMID: 34218593 PMCID: PMC8255490 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of albendazole and mebendazole, i.e., benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintics, in treatment of parasitic infections, as well as cancers, is briefly reviewed. These drugs are known to block the microtubule systems of parasites and mammalian cells leading to inhibition of glucose uptake and transport and finally cell death. Eventually they exhibit ovicidal, larvicidal, and vermicidal effects on parasites, and tumoricidal effects on hosts. Albendazole and mebendazole are most frequently prescribed for treatment of intestinal nematode infections (ascariasis, hookworm infections, trichuriasis, strongyloidiasis, and enterobiasis) and can also be used for intestinal tapeworm infections (taeniases and hymenolepiasis). However, these drugs also exhibit considerable therapeutic effects against tissue nematode/cestode infections (visceral, ocular, neural, and cutaneous larva migrans, anisakiasis, trichinosis, hepatic and intestinal capillariasis, angiostrongyliasis, gnathostomiasis, gongylonemiasis, thelaziasis, dracunculiasis, cerebral and subcutaneous cysticercosis, and echinococcosis). Albendazole is also used for treatment of filarial infections (lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, loiasis, mansonellosis, and dirofilariasis) alone or in combination with other drugs, such as ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine. Albendazole was tried even for treatment of trematode (fascioliasis, clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, and intestinal fluke infections) and protozoan infections (giardiasis, vaginal trichomoniasis, cryptosporidiosis, and microsporidiosis). These drugs are generally safe with few side effects; however, when they are used for prolonged time (>14-28 days) or even only 1 time, liver toxicity and other side reactions may occur. In hookworms, Trichuris trichiura, possibly Ascaris lumbricoides, Wuchereria bancrofti, and Giardia sp., there are emerging issues of drug resistance. It is of particular note that albendazole and mebendazole have been repositioned as promising anti-cancer drugs. These drugs have been shown to be active in vitro and in vivo (animals) against liver, lung, ovary, prostate, colorectal, breast, head and neck cancers, and melanoma. Two clinical reports for albendazole and 2 case reports for mebendazole have revealed promising effects of these drugs in human patients having variable types of cancers. However, because of the toxicity of albendazole, for example, neutropenia due to myelosuppression, if high doses are used for a prolonged time, mebendazole is currently more popularly used than albendazole in anti-cancer clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649,
Korea
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080,
Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649,
Korea
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974,
Korea
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7
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Zhang Y, Koehler AV, Wang T, Gasser RB. Enterocytozoon bieneusi of animals-With an 'Australian twist'. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 111:1-73. [PMID: 33482973 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a microsporidian microorganism that causes intestinal disease in animals including humans. E. bieneusi is an obligate intracellular pathogen, typically causing severe or chronic diarrhoea, malabsorption and/or wasting. Currently, E. bieneusi is recognised as a fungus, although its exact classification remains contentious. The transmission of E. bieneusi can occur from person to person and/or animals to people. Transmission is usually via the faecal-oral route through E. bieneusi spore-contaminated water, environment or food, or direct contact with infected individuals. Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes are usually identified and classified by PCR-based sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. To date, ~600 distinct genotypes of E. bieneusi have been recorded in ~170 species of animals, including various orders of mammals and reptiles as well as insects in >40 countries. Moreover, E. bieneusi has also been found in recreational water, irrigation water, and treated raw- and waste-waters. Although many studies have been conducted on the epidemiology of E. bieneusi, prevalence surveys of animals and humans are scant in some countries, such as Australia, and transmission routes of individual genotypes and related risk factors are poorly understood. This article/chapter reviews aspects of the taxonomy, biology and epidemiology of E. bieneusi; the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of microsporidiosis; critically appraises the naming system for E. bieneusi genotypes as well as the phylogenetic relationships of these genotypes; provides new insights into the prevalence and genetic composition of E. bieneusi populations in animals in parts of Australia using molecular epidemiological tools; and proposes some areas for future research in the E. bieneusi/microsporidiosis field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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8
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Doshi N, Thet Z, Han T, Martin J. A Case of Intestinal Microsporidiosis in a Renal Transplant Recipient. J Med Cases 2019; 10:229-233. [PMID: 34434311 PMCID: PMC8383712 DOI: 10.14740/jmc3340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-renal transplant diarrhea is a common clinical presentation. An extensive list of potential etiology adds to the diagnostic dilemma. In cases of prolonged or intractable diarrhea, invasive tests are often performed. Intestinal microsporidia can be diagnosed with simple non-invasive stool polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Based on this case, we propose an easy to follow flow chart and present a literature review on post-renal transplant diarrhea. Further multicenter validation testing is required for the proposed flow chart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Doshi
- Department of General Medicine, Gold Coast University Hospital, QLD, Australia
| | - Zaw Thet
- Department of Nephrology, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Thin Han
- Department of Nephrology, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia.,Rural Clinical School, University of Queensland, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Julieanne Martin
- Department of Nephrology, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
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9
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Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in people with gastrointestinal disorders in Queensland and Western Australia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 65:293-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review summarizes the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of the most important etiologic agents of infectious diarrhea in critically ill transplant recipients. RECENT FINDINGS Diarrhea, frequently caused by infectious pathogens, can cause significant morbidity and mortality in transplant recipients. Diarrhea can lead to severe dehydration, acute renal failure, medication toxicity, rejection, graft-versus-host disease and impairs patients' quality of life. Opportunistic infectious pathogens can pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in immunocompromised hosts. SUMMARY In transplant recipients, it is vital to differentiate infectious from noninfectious diarrhea to adequately manage their therapeutic approach. Supportive measures and reduction in immunosuppression are essential for the treatment management.
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11
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Garcia LS, Arrowood M, Kokoskin E, Paltridge GP, Pillai DR, Procop GW, Ryan N, Shimizu RY, Visvesvara G. Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasites from the Gastrointestinal Tract. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00025-17. [PMID: 29142079 PMCID: PMC5740970 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00025-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology document on the laboratory diagnosis of parasites from the gastrointestinal tract provides practical information for the recovery and identification of relevant human parasites. The document is based on a comprehensive literature review and expert consensus on relevant diagnostic methods. However, it does not include didactic information on human parasite life cycles, organism morphology, clinical disease, pathogenesis, treatment, or epidemiology and prevention. As greater emphasis is placed on neglected tropical diseases, it becomes highly probable that patients with gastrointestinal parasitic infections will become more widely recognized in areas where parasites are endemic and not endemic. Generally, these methods are nonautomated and require extensive bench experience for accurate performance and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Arrowood
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Evelyne Kokoskin
- Public Health Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Public Health Laboratories-Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Dylan R Pillai
- Calgary Laboratory Services, Diagnostic and Scientific Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gary W Procop
- Enterprise Test Utilization and Pathology Consultative Services, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Molecular Microbiology, Parasitology, and Mycology Laboratories, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Norbert Ryan
- Bacteriology and Parasitology, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Govinda Visvesvara
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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12
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Prevalence and molecular characteristics of urinary and intestinal microsporidia infections in renal transplant recipients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:462.e5-9. [PMID: 26827672 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Transplant recipients have been identified as a new risk group for microsporidia infection. We characterize for the first time the prevalence of microsporidia in intestinal and urinary tracts of renal transplant recipients. Molecular examination of 86 patients showed that 25.5% of them were infected; 86% were confirmed to have pathogens in their urine and 45.5% in stool. Among positive patients, 32% had microsporidia confirmed in both urine and stool. Genotyping revealed Encephalitozoon cuniculi (59%) and Enterocytozoon bieneusi (23%) monoinfections as well as coinfections with both species (18%). Moreover, we found diarrhoea and fever as symptoms significantly associated with microsporidia presence. Our results indicate that microsporidial infection should be considered in the assessment of renal transplant recipients, especially in the urinary tract, even if asymptomatic. Molecular identification of microsporidia species is relevant because of their different susceptibility for treatment.
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13
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Microsporidiosis: an unusual endoscopic finding. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12:e37-8. [PMID: 23978344 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Abstract
Protozoa infections are an important cause of chronic diarrhea in patients infected with HIV. The introduction of highly active antiretroviral treatment to the management of HIV in the mid 1990s has led to a dramatic reduction in the incidence of these opportunistic infections in Europe and America. In contrast, in the developing world where such treatments are not readily affordable, protozoa-related diarrhea remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals. In this review, the optimum investigations required to diagnose these pathogens in HIV-related diarrhea, as well as current treatment options, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lean
- Department of Adult and Paediatric Gastroenterology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Turner Street London E1 2AD, UK.
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15
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Nagpal A, Pritt BS, Lorenz EC, Amer H, Nasr SH, Cornell LD, Iqbal S, Wilhelm MP. Disseminated microsporidiosis in a renal transplant recipient: case report and review of the literature. Transpl Infect Dis 2013; 15:526-32. [PMID: 23947513 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are opportunistic pathogens that usually cause a limited disease in the gastrointestinal tract. Occasionally, they can cause disseminated disease. In solid organ transplant recipients, disseminated disease has been reported only rarely. We describe a 68-year-old woman who presented with fever, cough, and acute kidney injury 6 months after kidney transplantation. Dissemination was confirmed by identification of microsporidial spores in urine and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Polymerase chain reaction analysis identified the species as Encephalitozoon cuniculi.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nagpal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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16
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Johny S, Nimmo AS, Fisher MA, Inks ES, Kirkpatrick RM, Miller PA, Johnson AL, Lites KR, Whitehouse CC, Whitman DW. Testing intra-hemocelic injection of antimicrobials against Encephalitozoon sp. (Microsporidia) in an insect host. Parasitol Res 2008; 104:419-24. [PMID: 18850113 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1214-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Encephalitozoon spp. are the primary microsporidial pathogens of humans and domesticated animals. In this experiment, we test the efficacy of four commercial antimicrobials against an Encephalitozoon sp. in an insect host by intra-hemocelic injection. All four antimicrobials, viz., thiabendazole, quinine, albendazole, and fumagillin, significantly reduced but did not eliminate microsporidia spore counts in the grasshopper host. Among these four drugs, thiabendazole was most effective in reducing the microsporidia spore level up to 90%, followed by quinine (70%), albendazole (62%), and fumagillin (59%). No control or quinine-treated animals died, whereas 45% of albendazole animals died. Despite the high mortality induced by albendazole, this drug significantly reduced spore counts, a result not seen in previous per os trials. Among the treatment groups, grasshoppers injected with thiabendazole lost a significant mass. Our study suggests that quinine and related alkaloids should be further examined for antimicrosporidial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shajahan Johny
- Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4120, USA
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Johny S, Whitman DW. Effect of four antimicrobials against an Encephalitozoon sp. (Microsporidia) in a grasshopper host. Parasitol Int 2008; 57:362-7. [PMID: 18495525 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Encephalitozoon spp. are the primary microsporidial pathogens of humans and domesticated animals. In this experiment, we test the efficacy of 4 commercial antimicrobials against an Encephalitozoon sp. infecting a grasshopper (Romalea microptera) host. Oral treatment with fumagillin or thiabendazole significantly reduced pathogen spore counts (93% and 88% respectively), whereas spore counts of grasshoppers fed quinine produced a non-significant 53% reduction in spores, and those fed streptomycin a non-significant 29% increase in spores, compared to the control. We observed a moderate dose-response effect for thiabendazole, whereby spore count decreased as drug consumption increased. No thiabendazole-treated animals died, whereas 27% of streptomycin-treated animals died, suggesting that thiabendazole was not toxic at the doses administered. The deaths among streptomycin-treated animals may have been caused by drug toxicity, parasite burden, or both. Although fumagillin and thiabendazole significantly reduced spore counts, in no individual was the pathogen totally eliminated. Our data confirm that microsporidia are difficult to control and that fumagillin and thiabendazole are partially effective antimicrobials against this group. Our study suggests that quinine and related alkaloids should be further examined for antimicrosporidial activity, and streptomycin should be examined as a possible enhancer of microsporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shajahan Johny
- Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4120, USA
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Johny S, Lange CE, Solter LF, Merisko A, Whitman DW. NEW INSECT SYSTEM FOR TESTING ANTIBIOTICS. J Parasitol 2007; 93:1505-11. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-1213.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Dworkin MS, Buskin SE, Davidson AJ, Cohn DL, Morse A, Inungu J, Adams MR, McCombs SB, Jones JL, Moura H, Visvesvara G, Pieniazek NJ, Navin TR. Prevalence of intestinal microsporidiosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected patients with diarrhea in major United States cities. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2007; 49:339-42. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652007000600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the prevalence of intestinal microsporidiosis in HIV-infected patients, we performed a prospective study of HIV-infected patients with diarrheal illnesses in three US hospitals and examined an observational database of HIV-infected patients in 10 US cities. Among 737 specimens from the three hospitals, results were positive for 11 (prevalence 1.5%); seven (64%) acquired HIV through male-to-male sexual contact, two (18%) through male-to-male sexual contact and injection drug use, and one (9%) through heterosexual contact; one (9%) had an undetermined mode of transmission. Median CD4 count within six months of diagnosis of microsporidiosis was 33 cells/µL (range 3 to 319 cells/µL). For the national observational database (n = 24,098), the overall prevalence of microsporidiosis was 0.16%. Prevalence of microsporidiosis among HIV-infected patients with diarrheal disease is low, and microsporidiosis is most often diagnosed in patients with very low CD4+ cell counts. Testing for microsporidia appears to be indicated, especially for patients with very low CD4+ cell counts.
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Didier ES, Maddry JA, Brindley PJ, Stovall ME, Didier PJ. Therapeutic strategies for human microsporidia infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2007; 3:419-34. [PMID: 15954858 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.3.3.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, microsporidia have emerged as a cause of infectious diseases in AIDS patients, organ transplant recipients, children, travelers, contact lens wearers and the elderly. Enterocytozoon bieneusi and the Encephalitozoon spp., Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Encephalitozoon hellem and Encephalitozoon intestinalis, are the most frequently identified microsporidia in humans, and are associated with diarrhea and systemic disease. The microsporidia are small, single-celled, obligately intracellular parasites that have been identified in water sources, as well as in wild, domestic and food-producing farm animals, thereby raising concerns for waterborne, foodborne and zoonotic transmission. Current therapies for microsporidiosis include albendazole, a benzimidazole that inhibits microtubule assembly and is effective against several microsporidia, including the Encephalitozoon spp., although it is less effective against Encephalitozoon bieneusi. Fumagillin, an antibiotic and antiangiogenic compound produced by Aspergillus fumigatus, is more broadly effective against Encephalitozoon spp. and E. bieneusi; however, is toxic when administered systemically to mammals. Recent studies are also focusing on compounds that target the microsporidia polyamines (e.g., polyamine analogs), methionine aminopeptidase 2 (e.g., fumagillin-related compounds), chitin inhibitors (e.g., nikkomycins), topoisomerases (e.g., fluoroquinolones) and tubulin (e.g., benzimidazole-related compounds).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Didier
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Abstract
Microsporidia are long-known parasitic organisms of almost every animal group, including invertebrates and vertebrates. Microsporidia emerged as important opportunistic pathogens in humans when AIDS became pandemic and, more recently, have also increasingly been detected in otherwise immunocompromised patients, including organ transplant recipients, and in immunocompetent persons with corneal infection or diarrhea. Two species causing rare infections in humans, Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Brachiola vesicularum, had previously been described from animal hosts (vertebrates and insects, respectively). However, several new microsporidial species, including Enterocytozoon bieneusi, the most prevalent human microsporidian causing human immunodeficiency virus-associated diarrhea, have been discovered in humans, raising the question of their natural origin. Vertebrate hosts are now identified for all four major microsporidial species infecting humans (E. bieneusi and the three Encephalitozoon spp.), implying a zoonotic nature of these parasites. Molecular studies have identified phenotypic and/or genetic variability within these species, indicating that they are not uniform, and have allowed the question of their zoonotic potential to be addressed. The focus of this review is the zoonotic potential of the various microsporidia and a brief update on other microsporidia which have no known host or an invertebrate host and which cause rare infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mathis
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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MacDonald LM, Armson A, Thompson ARC, Reynoldson JA. Characterisation of benzimidazole binding with recombinant tubulin from Giardia duodenalis, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2005; 138:89-96. [PMID: 15500920 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2004.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Revised: 08/09/2004] [Accepted: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The binding kinetics of several benzimidazole compounds were determined with recombinant tubulin from benzimidazole-sensitive and -insensitive organisms. This study utilised the naturally occurring high efficacy of the benzimidazoles for the parasitic protozoa Giardia duodenalis and Encephalitozoon intestinalis, and low efficacy with Cryptosporidium parvum. Direct kinetic analysis of the benzimidazole-beta-tubulin interaction was performed using a fluorescence-based quenching method to determine the apparent association (k(on)) and dissociation (k(off)) rate constants from which the affinity constant (K(a)) was calculated. The binding kinetics were determined with recombinant alpha- and beta-tubulin from the parasitic protozoa with several benzimidazole R(2)-carbamate analogues. The affinity constant for the binding of several benzimidazoles with beta-tubulin from benzimidazole-sensitive protozoa was found to be significantly greater than binding to beta-tubulin from benzimidazole-insensitive protozoa. Additionally, the high affinity of several benzimidazole derivatives (albendazole, fenbendazole, mebendazole) for monomeric beta-tubulin and heterodimeric alphabeta-tubulin from benzimidazole-sensitive protozoa was also clearly demonstrated. The affinity constants determined with beta-tubulin from G. duodenalis and E. intestinalis also supported the observed in vitro efficacy of these compounds. The binding characteristics of the benzimidazoles with the highest in vitro efficacy (albendazole, fenbendazole, mebendazole) was reflected in their high association and slow dissociation rates with the beta-tubulin monomer or dimer from benzimidazole-sensitive protozoa compared with insensitive ones. Benzimidazole-bound alphabeta-tubulin heterodimers also had a significantly lower rate of microtubule assembly compared with benzimidazole-free alphabeta-heterodimers. The incorporation of benzimidazole-bound alphabeta-heterodimers into assembling microtubules was shown to arrest polymerisation in vitro although the addition of benzimidazole compounds to assembled microtubules did not result in depolymerisation. These findings indicate that a benzimidazole-beta-tubulin cap may be formed at the growing end of the microtubule and this cap prevents elongation of the microtubule.
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Latib MA, Pascoe MD, Duffield MS, Kahn D. Microsporidiosis in the graft of a renal transplant recipient. Transpl Int 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2001.tb00058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Goetz M, Eichenlaub S, Pape GR, Hoffmann RM. Chronic diarrhea as a result of intestinal microsposidiosis in a liver transplant recipient. Transplantation 2001; 71:334-7. [PMID: 11213083 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200101270-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsporidia are common pathogens among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. They account for a substantial proportion of chronic diarrhea and malabsorption in acquired immune deficiency syndrome, but their appearance after solid organ transplantation has only rarely been reported. Methods. We report what we believe is the first case of documented Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in a liver transplant recipient. Results. Our patient presented with chronic diarrhea and colicky abdominal pain. Although symptoms were severe, only mild microscopical mucosal changes were found in the intestinal tract. A modified trichrome stain of stool specimens revealed microsporidial spores, and species differentiation by restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction identified Enterocytozoon bieneusi. Albendazole therapy brought symptomatic relief but no microbiological clearance. CONCLUSIONS Enterocytozoon bieneusi may cause chronic diarrhea not only in immunosuppression as a result of human immunodeficiency virus infection but also among patients with therapeutic immunosuppression after organ transplantation. Therefore, microsporidial infection should be considered in immunosuppressed patients with otherwise unexplained diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goetz
- Klinikum Grosshadern, Second Medical Department, University of Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Since the first reported case of HIV infection in 1981, many HIV-seropositive patients have died as a result of diarrhoea induced by opportunistic protozoal infections: pathogens that would normally cause only a transient illness in immunocompetent individuals. The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996 has been associated with a significant decline in incidence and mortality arising from infections such as cryptosporidia and microsporidia. Previously, there were no chemotherapeutic agents known to be effective in eradicating these parasites, but since the availability of HAART, the memory of the emaciated terminally ill patient with advanced AIDS suffering from refractory diarrhoea will hopefully be a thing of the past. Significant advances in the knowledge of the pathogenesis of HIV disease, earlier detection and thus treatment of the virus, and availability of improved diagnostic techniques and HAART have transformed the way HIV-associated diarrhoea is managed. In this review, we look specifically at the management of protozoa-induced diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Miao
- Department of HIV/GUM, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- S Banerjee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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