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Chou WH, McGregor B, Schmidt A, Carvalho FLF, Hirsch MS, Chang SL, Kibel A, Mossanen M. Cyclophosphamide-associated bladder cancers and considerations for survivorship care: A systematic review. Urol Oncol 2021; 39:678-685. [PMID: 34134927 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We performed a systematic review to assess the clinical features of cyclophosphamide-associated bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched from inception to August 2020 according to PRISMA guidelines. Studies that associated bladder cancer with prior cyclophosphamide use on an individual level were included. RESULTS We identified 121 studies spanning over a 50-year period with 285 patients. The most common malignant indication for cyclophosphamide was lymphoma (25%), while the most common non-malignant indication was ANCA-associated vasculitides (26%). Hematuria and dysuria were the most prevalent symptoms prior to a cyclophosphamide-associated bladder cancer diagnosis, and median age at diagnosis was 55 years. Conventional urothelial carcinoma (UC) was the most common bladder-associated diagnosis (74%), although a broad range of cancer types were represented, notably leiomyosarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma. About half of bladder cancers were muscle invasive at diagnosis and median latency time was 10.0 years; 33% of patients had a bladder cancer related death. CONCLUSIONS We describe the largest pooled analysis of patients with cyclophosphamide-associated bladder cancer. These bladder cancers have a propensity for younger age at diagnosis, more advanced stage at diagnosis, and variant histology. There was a substantial number of patients with latency time of ≥20 years independent of cumulative cyclophosphamide dose. These findings support consideration of screening and long-term surveillance of cancer survivors with a history of cyclophosphamide therapy for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley H Chou
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Bradley McGregor
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - Andrew Schmidt
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - Filipe L F Carvalho
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Michelle S Hirsch
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Steven L Chang
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115; Division of Urologic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Adam Kibel
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215; Division of Urologic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Matthew Mossanen
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215; Division of Urologic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115.
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Simultaneous Low- and High-Grade Primary Leiomyosarcomas in Two Separate Organs in a Thirty-Year Survivor of Hereditary Retinoblastoma. Case Rep Oncol Med 2016; 2015:968567. [PMID: 26843997 PMCID: PMC4710913 DOI: 10.1155/2015/968567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with hereditary retinoblastoma have a heightened risk of developing subsequent bone and soft tissue sarcomas, exacerbated by radiation and alkylating chemotherapy. Secondary leiomyosarcomas are rare. A 29-year-old patient with bilateral retinoblastoma history presented with concurrent, independent malignancies found to be Rb-suppressed uterine and Rb-positive bladder leiomyosarcomas. She had undergone both ifosfamide chemotherapy and radiation therapy but demonstrated rare simultaneous primary leiomyosarcomas not previously described in association with ifosfamide. This rare case underlines the protean genetic predisposition to malignancy in this patient population, heightening awareness of lifelong malignancy potential, and the necessity for continuous periodic screening.
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Brucker B, Ernst L, Meadows A, Zderic S. A second leiomyosarcoma in the urinary bladder of a child with a history of retinoblastoma 12 years following partial cystectomy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006; 46:811-4. [PMID: 16470582 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.20506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This case describes a twin with bilateral retinoblastoma who developed leiomyosarcoma of the bladder at age 17 and again at 39. At 17-years of age she was diagnosed with a leiomyosarcoma of the bladder after presenting with recurrent urinary tract infections, hematuria, and dysuria. She was treated with partial cystectomy. After a 12-year disease-free interval, she was diagnosed with a second leiomyosarcoma of the bladder. This case supports the relationship between the genetic form of retinoblastoma and leiomyosarcoma and illustrates the necessity for extensive follow-up and well-defined treatment of secondary neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Brucker
- Department of Urology, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Heng HG, Lowry JE, Boston S, Gabel C, Ehrhart N, Gulden SMS. SMOOTH MUSCLE NEOPLASIA OF THE URINARY BLADDER WALL IN THREE DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2006; 47:83-6. [PMID: 16429990 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2005.00110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle origin neoplasia of the urinary bladder wall is rare in dogs. This report describes the ultrasonographic features of two bladder wall leiomyomas and one bladder wall leiomyosarcoma. All three dogs had a single, smoothly marginated, round, hypo to mixed echogenicity intraluminal mass in the urinary bladder. Based on color Doppler examination of the masses, there was no visible blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hock Gan Heng
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1601, USA.
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Tanguay C, Harvey I, Houde M, Srigley JR, Têtu B. Leiomyosarcoma of urinary bladder following cyclophosphamide therapy: report of two cases. Mod Pathol 2003; 16:512-4. [PMID: 12748258 DOI: 10.1097/01.mp.0000068237.38715.d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leiomyosarcoma of urinary bladder is rare, although it is the most common mesenchymal tumor in adults. We report two cases of this tumor following cyclophosphamide therapy. The first case is from a 53-year-old man with Wegener's granulomatosis treated for 6 years with cyclophosphamide. He presented with painless hematuria, and the initial biopsy of the bladder tumor revealed a malignant spindle cell neoplasm. A final diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma was made on radical cystoprostatectomy. The second example is from a 21-year-old man who had received cyclophosphamide in early infancy for a bilateral retinoblastoma. He also presented with painless hematuria, and a bladder tumor was resected transurethrally and diagnosed as leiomyosarcoma. He underwent partial cystectomy two months later. Cyclophosphamide, when used for a neoplastic or non-neoplastic condition, is associated with an increased risk of developing bladder cancer. The distribution of histologic subtypes differs from that seen in spontaneous bladder tumors. A review of the literature shows an increased proportion of squamous cell carcinomas and sarcomas, especially leiomyosarcomas in cyclophosphamide exposed patients. Acrolein, a cytotoxic metabolite of cyclophosphamide excreted in urine, is regarded as the most likely causative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tanguay
- Department of Pathology, CHUQ, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Laval University, Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada
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Venkatraman L, Goepel JR, Steele K, Dobbs SP, Lyness RW, McCluggage WG. Soft tissue, pelvic, and urinary bladder leiomyosarcoma as second neoplasm following hereditary retinoblastoma. J Clin Pathol 2003; 56:233-6. [PMID: 12610106 PMCID: PMC1769895 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.56.3.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This report describes two patients who developed leiomyosarcomas, one involving the subcutaneous tissue of the thigh and the pelvic soft tissues and the other the urinary bladder, following hereditary retinoblastoma 36 and 38 years earlier, respectively. There is an increased risk of the development of sarcoma, most commonly osteosarcoma, as a second malignancy following hereditary retinoblastoma. Leiomyosarcoma developing as a second malignancy has rarely been reported and most have occurred in the field of previous radiotherapy. The literature on leiomyosarcoma occurring as a second neoplasm following retinoblastoma is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Venkatraman
- Department of Pathology, Belfast City Hospital Trust, Belfast BT9 7AD, Northern Ireland, UK
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