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Ujváry I. Hexahydrocannabinol and closely related semi-synthetic cannabinoids: A comprehensive review. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:127-161. [PMID: 37269160 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the early 2000s, there has been a turmoil on the global illicit cannabinoid market. Parallel to legislative changes in some jurisdictions regarding herbal cannabis, unregulated and cheap synthetic cannabinoids with astonishing structural diversity have emerged. Recently, semi-synthetic cannabinoids manufactured from hemp extracts by simple chemical transformations have also appeared as recreational drugs. The burst of these semi-synthetic cannabinoids into the market was sparked by legislative changes in the United States, where cultivation of industrial hemp restarted. By now, hemp-derived cannabidiol (CBD), initially a blockbuster product on its own, became a "precursor" to semi-synthetic cannabinoids such as hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), which appeared on the drug market in 2021. The synthesis and cannabimimetic activity of HHC were first reported eight decades ago in quest for the psychoactive principles of marijuana and hashish. Current large-scale manufacture of HHC is based on hemp-derived CBD extract, which is converted first by cyclization into a Δ8 /Δ9 -THC mixture, followed by catalytic hydrogenation to afford a mixture of (9R)-HHC and (9S)-HHC epimers. Preclinical studies indicate that (9R)-HHC has THC-like pharmacological properties. The animal metabolism of HHC is partially clarified. The human pharmacology including metabolism of HHC is yet to be investigated, and (immuno)analytical methods for the rapid detection of HHC or its metabolites in urine are lacking. Herein, the legal background for the revitalization of hemp cultivation, and available information on the chemistry, analysis, and pharmacology of HHC and related analogs, including HHC acetate (HHC-O) is reviewed.
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Cherfaoui B, Chebrouk F, Hassaine R, Khalfaoui M, Boukennna L, Hamroun MSE, Abou-Mustapha M, Lazhar G. Hemi-synthesis of novel chiral benzodiazepine derivatives from Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil: 2D NMR experiments and differential scanning calorimetry study of diastereoisomers. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-12. [PMID: 36890766 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2185888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
An efficient in situ condensation of citronellal, the main constituent of Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil (51%), with different amine derivatives of 2,3-diaminomaleonitrile and 3-[(2-aminoaryl)amino]dimedone has led to novel chiral benzodiazepine structures. All reactions were precipitated in ethanol and pure products were obtained in good yields (58-75%) without any purification. The synthesized benezodiazepines were characterized by spectroscopic techniques, namely 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D NMR and FTIR. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and HPLC were used to confirm the formation diastereomeric mixtures of benzodiazepine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Cherfaoui
- Scientific and Technical Center of Research in Physical and Chemical Analysis CRAPC, BP384, Tipaza, Algeria.,Laboratory of Polymeric Materials (LPM), Faculty of Chemistry, U.S.T.H.B., Algiers, Algeria
| | - Farid Chebrouk
- Scientific and Technical Center of Research in Physical and Chemical Analysis CRAPC, BP384, Tipaza, Algeria.,Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometrics (L3BS), Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences (FSNV), University of Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Ridha Hassaine
- Scientific and Technical Center of Research in Physical and Chemical Analysis CRAPC, BP384, Tipaza, Algeria.,Laboratory of Catalysis and Synthesis in Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Massaab Khalfaoui
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials (LPM), Faculty of Chemistry, U.S.T.H.B., Algiers, Algeria
| | - Leϊla Boukennna
- Scientific and Technical Center of Research in Physical and Chemical Analysis CRAPC, BP384, Tipaza, Algeria.,Laboratory of Polymeric Materials (LPM), Faculty of Chemistry, U.S.T.H.B., Algiers, Algeria
| | | | - Mohamed Abou-Mustapha
- Scientific and Technical Center of Research in Physical and Chemical Analysis CRAPC, BP384, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Gacem Lazhar
- Scientific and Technical Center of Research in Physical and Chemical Analysis CRAPC, BP384, Tipaza, Algeria
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Lenardão EJ, Botteselle GV, de Azambuja F, Perin G, Jacob RG. Citronellal as key compound in organic synthesis. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.03.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Huang Q, Wang Q, Zheng J, Zhang J, Pan X, She X. A general route to 5,6-seco-hexahydrodibenzopyrans and analogues: first total synthesis of (+)-Machaeridiol B and (+)-Machaeriol B. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wang Q, Huang Q, Chen B, Lu J, Wang H, She X, Pan X. Total Synthesis of (+)-Machaeriol D with a Key Regio- and Stereoselective SN2′ Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200600006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Wang Q, Huang Q, Chen B, Lu J, Wang H, She X, Pan X. Total Synthesis of (+)-Machaeriol D with a Key Regio- and Stereoselective SN2′ Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:3651-3. [PMID: 16646094 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200600006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University
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Van De Water RW, Pettus TR. o-Quinone methides: intermediates underdeveloped and underutilized in organic synthesis. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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