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Rejc L, Knez D, Molina-Aguirre G, Espargaró A, Kladnik J, Meden A, Blinc L, Lozinšek M, Jansen-van Vuuren RD, Rogan M, Martek BA, Mlakar J, Dremelj A, Petrič A, Gobec S, Sabaté R, Bresjanac M, Pinter B, Košmrlj J. Probing Alzheimer's pathology: Exploring the next generation of FDDNP analogues for amyloid β detection. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116616. [PMID: 38723516 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent probes are a powerful tool for imaging amyloid β (Aβ) plaques, the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, we report the synthesis and comprehensive characterization of 21 novel probes as well as their optical properties and binding affinities to Aβ fibrils. One of these dyes, 1Ae, exhibited several improvements over FDDNP, an established biomarker for Aβ- and Tau-aggregates. First, 1Ae had large Stokes shifts (138-213 nm) in various solvents, thereby reducing self-absorption. With a high quantum yield ratio (φ(dichloromethane/methanol) = 104), 1Ae also ensures minimal background emission in aqueous environments and high sensitivity. In addition, compound 1Ae exhibited low micromolar binding affinity to Aβ fibrils in vitro (Kd = 1.603 µM), while increasing fluorescence emission (106-fold) compared to emission in buffer alone. Importantly, the selective binding of 1Ae to Aβ1-42 fibrils was confirmed by an in cellulo assay, supported by ex vivo fluorescence microscopy of 1Ae on postmortem AD brain sections, allowing unequivocal identification of Aβ plaques. The intermolecular interactions of fluorophores with Aβ were elucidated by docking studies and molecular dynamics simulations. Density functional theory calculations revealed the unique photophysics of these rod-shaped fluorophores, with a twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) excited state. These results provide valuable insights into the future application of such probes as potential diagnostic tools for AD in vitro and ex vivo such as determination of Aβ1-42 in cerebrospinal fluid or blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Rejc
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Knez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | | | - Alba Espargaró
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, Section of Physical-Chemistry, and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Jerneja Kladnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Anže Meden
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Lana Blinc
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity and Regeneration (LNPR), Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Matic Lozinšek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ross D Jansen-van Vuuren
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Matic Rogan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Bruno Aleksander Martek
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Mlakar
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ana Dremelj
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Petrič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Raimon Sabaté
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, Section of Physical-Chemistry, and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Mara Bresjanac
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity and Regeneration (LNPR), Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Balazs Pinter
- The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
| | - Janez Košmrlj
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
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Rejc L, Šmid L, Kepe V, Podlipnik Č, Golobič A, Bresjanac M, Barrio JR, Petrič A, Košmrlj J. Design, Syntheses, and in Vitro Evaluation of New Fluorine-18 Radiolabeled Tau-Labeling Molecular Probes. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8741-8757. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luka Rejc
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lojze Šmid
- Faculty
of Medicine, Institute of Pathological Physiology, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladimir Kepe
- Department
of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The David Geffen School of
Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Črtomir Podlipnik
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Amalija Golobič
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mara Bresjanac
- Faculty
of Medicine, Institute of Pathological Physiology, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jorge R. Barrio
- Department
of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The David Geffen School of
Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Andrej Petrič
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Trg Osvobodilne fronte 13, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Košmrlj
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Tancini F, Monti F, Howes K, Belbakra A, Listorti A, Schweizer WB, Reutenauer P, Alonso-Gómez JL, Chiorboli C, Urner LM, Gisselbrecht JP, Boudon C, Armaroli N, Diederich F. Cyanobuta-1,3-dienes as Novel Electron Acceptors for Photoactive Multicomponent Systems. Chemistry 2013; 20:202-16. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Li J, Huang P. A rapid and efficient synthetic route to terminal arylacetylenes by tetrabutylammonium hydroxide- and methanol-catalyzed cleavage of 4-aryl-2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ols. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:426-31. [PMID: 21512597 PMCID: PMC3079113 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide with methanol as an additive was found to be a highly active catalyst for the cleavage of 4-aryl-2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ols. The reaction was performed at 55–75 °C and gave terminal arylacetylenes in good to excellent yields within several minutes. Compared with the usual reaction conditions (normally >110 °C, several hours), this novel catalyst system can dramatically decrease the reaction time under much milder conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Polymer Materials and Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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