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Hayes G, Laurel M, MacKinnon D, Zhao T, Houck HA, Becer CR. Polymers without Petrochemicals: Sustainable Routes to Conventional Monomers. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2609-2734. [PMID: 36227737 PMCID: PMC9999446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Access to a wide range of plastic materials has been rationalized by the increased demand from growing populations and the development of high-throughput production systems. Plastic materials at low costs with reliable properties have been utilized in many everyday products. Multibillion-dollar companies are established around these plastic materials, and each polymer takes years to optimize, secure intellectual property, comply with the regulatory bodies such as the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals and the Environmental Protection Agency and develop consumer confidence. Therefore, developing a fully sustainable new plastic material with even a slightly different chemical structure is a costly and long process. Hence, the production of the common plastic materials with exactly the same chemical structures that does not require any new registration processes better reflects the reality of how to address the critical future of sustainable plastics. In this review, we have highlighted the very recent examples on the synthesis of common monomers using chemicals from sustainable feedstocks that can be used as a like-for-like substitute to prepare conventional petrochemical-free thermoplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Hayes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Laurel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Dan MacKinnon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Tieshuai Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Hannes A. Houck
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Advanced Study, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - C. Remzi Becer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
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2
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Akamatsu T, Shele M, Matsune A, Kashiki Y, Liang F, Okazoe T, Tsuda A. Photo-on-Demand In Situ Synthesis of N-Substituted Trichloroacetamides with Tetrachloroethylene and Their Conversions to Ureas, Carbamates, and Polyurethanes. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:2669-2684. [PMID: 36687089 PMCID: PMC9851034 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
N-substituted trichloroacetamides (NTCAs), which serve as blocked isocyanates, were synthesized in ∼97% yields by in situ photo-on-demand trichloroacetylation of amines with tetrachloroethylene (TCE). The reactions were performed by photo-irradiation of TCE solutions containing an amine under O2 bubbling over 70 °C with a low-pressure mercury lamp. TCE underwent photochemical oxidation to afford trichloroacetyl chloride having high toxicity and corrosivity, which then reacts in situ with the amine to afford NTCA. Compared with conventional NTCA synthesis with hexachloroacetone, the present reaction has the advantage of being widely applicable to a variety of amines, even those with low nucleophilicity such as amides, fluorinated amines, and amine HCl salts. NTCAs could be converted to the corresponding N-substituted ureas and carbamates through base-catalyzed condensation with amines and alcohols, respectively, with the elimination of CHCl3. The reaction may proceed by the initial formation of isocyanate and its subsequent addition reaction with the amine or alcohol. This photochemical reaction also enables the synthesis of fluorinated NTCAs, which accelerate the reactions, and realizes the synthesis of novel fluorinated chemicals including polyurethanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Akamatsu
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1
Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe657-8501, Japan
| | - Muge Shele
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1
Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe657-8501, Japan
| | - Ayako Matsune
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1
Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe657-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kashiki
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1
Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe657-8501, Japan
| | - Fengying Liang
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1
Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe657-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Okazoe
- Materials
Integration Laboratories, AGC Inc., 1-1 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa230-0045, Japan
| | - Akihiko Tsuda
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1
Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe657-8501, Japan
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3
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Guo T, Li Z, Bi L, Fan L, Zhang P. Recent advances in organic synthesis applying elemental selenium. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Cao Y, Huang Y, He L. Sustainable Route Toward N-Boc Amines: AuCl 3 /CuI-Catalyzed N-tert-butyloxycarbonylation of Amines at Room Temperature. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102400. [PMID: 34841655 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
N-tert-butoxycarbonyl (N-Boc) amines are useful intermediates in synthetic/medicinal chemistry. Traditionally, they are prepared via an indirect phosgene route with poor atom economy. Herein, a step- and atom-economic synthesis of N-Boc amines from amines, t-butanol, and CO was reported at room temperature. Notably, this N-tert-butyloxycarbonylation procedure utilized ready-made substrates, commercially available AuCl3 /CuI as catalysts, and O2 from air as the sole oxidant. This catalytic system provided unique selectivity for N-Boc amines in good yields. More significantly, gram-scale preparation of medicinally important N-Boc amine intermediates was successfully implement, which demonstrated a potential application prospect in industrial syntheses. Furthermore, this approach also showed good compatibility with tertiary and other useful alcohols. Investigations of the mechanisms revealed that gold catalyzed the reaction and copper acted as electron transfer mediator in the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation (OSSO), Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation (OSSO), Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Lin He
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation (OSSO), Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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5
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Sedighian H, Mamaghani MB, Notash B, Bazgir A. Iodide-Catalyzed Selenium-Assisted Sequential Multicomponent Synthesis of a Luminescence Benzo-Oxazino-Isoindole Framework. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2244-2253. [PMID: 33470102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have described an unexpected pathway using the R-NC/Se system for the synthesis of the unreported benzo-oxazino-isoindole framework by the iodide-catalyzed selenium-assisted sequential multicomponent reaction of the Knoevenagel adduct of ninhydrin and malononitrile, isocyanide, amine, and elemental selenium under mild reaction conditions. The photophysical properties of the products were investigated by absorption and emission spectroscopy, revealing that the new heterocyclic system has good fluorescence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Sedighian
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | | | - Behrouz Notash
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Ayoob Bazgir
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
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Acharya V, Mal S, Kilaru JP, Montgomery MG, Deshpande SH, Sonawane RP, Manjunath BN, Pal S. Synthesis of Carbamates from Alkyl Bromides and Secondary Amines Using Silver Carbonate. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanitha Acharya
- Santa Monica Works, Corlim, Ilhas; Syngenta Biosciences Pvt. Ltd.; 403110 Goa India
- Department of Chemistry; Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri; 576119 Karnataka India
| | - Sanjib Mal
- Santa Monica Works, Corlim, Ilhas; Syngenta Biosciences Pvt. Ltd.; 403110 Goa India
| | - Jagadeesh P. Kilaru
- Santa Monica Works, Corlim, Ilhas; Syngenta Biosciences Pvt. Ltd.; 403110 Goa India
| | - Mark G. Montgomery
- Jealott's Hill International Research Centre; Syngenta; 42 6EY Bracknell Berkshire United Kingdom
| | | | - Ravindra P. Sonawane
- Santa Monica Works, Corlim, Ilhas; Syngenta Biosciences Pvt. Ltd.; 403110 Goa India
| | - Bhanu N. Manjunath
- Santa Monica Works, Corlim, Ilhas; Syngenta Biosciences Pvt. Ltd.; 403110 Goa India
| | - Sitaram Pal
- Santa Monica Works, Corlim, Ilhas; Syngenta Biosciences Pvt. Ltd.; 403110 Goa India
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7
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Inaloo ID, Majnooni S. A Fe3
O4
@SiO2
/Schiff Base/Pd Complex as an Efficient Heterogeneous and Recyclable Nanocatalyst for One-Pot Domino Synthesis of Carbamates and Unsymmetrical Ureas. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iman Dindarloo Inaloo
- Chemistry Department; College of Sciences; Shiraz University; 84795 71946 Shiraz Iran
| | - Sahar Majnooni
- Chemistry Department; College of Sciences; University of Isfahan; 81746-73441 Isfahan Iran
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8
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Abstract
Selenium-based catalysts, including organo- and inorganoselenium ones, in organic synthesis in the recent decade are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiong Shao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Chashan University Town
- Wenzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yiming Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- P. R. China
| | - Jianmei Lu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Chashan University Town
- Wenzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- P. R. China
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9
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Yuan HY, Zhang Q, Fukaya N, Lin XT, Fujitani T, Choi JC. Phosgene-Free Synthesis of Carbamates Using CO2 and Titanium Alkoxides. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Yuan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Qiao Zhang
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Norihisa Fukaya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Xiao-Tao Lin
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Fujitani
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Jun-Chul Choi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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10
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Zahrtmann N, Claver C, Godard C, Riisager A, Garcia-Suarez EJ. Selective Oxidative Carbonylation of Aniline to Diphenylurea with Ionic Liquids. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nanette Zahrtmann
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira I Virgili; C/Marcel.li Domingo s/n Campus Sescelades 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Centre for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Carmen Claver
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira I Virgili; C/Marcel.li Domingo s/n Campus Sescelades 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Cyril Godard
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira I Virgili; C/Marcel.li Domingo s/n Campus Sescelades 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Anders Riisager
- Centre for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Eduardo J. Garcia-Suarez
- Centre for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
- Tecnalia, Energy and Environment Division; Parque Tecnológico de Álava; Leonardo Da Vinci, 11 01510 Miñano Spain
- IKERBASQUE; Basque Foundation for Science; Maria Diaz de Haro 3 48013 Bilbao Spain
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11
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Zhang Q, Yuan HY, Fukaya N, Yasuda H, Choi JC. A Simple Zinc Catalyst for Carbamate Synthesis Directly from CO 2. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:1501-1508. [PMID: 28125167 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Several zinc salts were employed as catalysts for the synthesis of carbamates directly from aromatic amines, CO2 , and silicate esters. Zn(OAc)2 offered the best performance among the salts tested. The addition of an N-donor ligand such as 1,10-phenanthroline increased the yield. The best catalytic performance of Zn(OAc)2 can be explained by carboxylate-assisted proton activation. The interaction between the substrate and the catalyst can be observed by chemical shifts in 1 H and 15 N NMR spectra. Isocyanate was a key intermediate, which was generated from amine and CO2 . Silicate ester was finally converted to siloxane, which was determined by 29 Si NMR. The commercially available catalyst system could be reused. The yield of isolated carbamate could reach up to 96 % with various substrates, and the catalytic reaction was amine-selective in the presence of other functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhang
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hao-Yu Yuan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Norihisa Fukaya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yasuda
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Jun-Chul Choi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
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12
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Zhang X, Tang Z, Niu X, Li Z, Fan X, Zhang G. Selenium-catalyzed carbonylation of 2-aminothiazole with nitro aromatics to N-aryl-N′-2-thiazolylureas. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Zhang X, Dong S, Wang Y, Niu X, Li Z, Zhang G. Selenium-Catalyzed Carbonylation of 2-Aminobenzimidazole with Alcohols to 2-Benzimidazolecarbamates. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals; Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang 453007 P. R. of China
| | - Shuxiang Dong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals; Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang 453007 P. R. of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals; Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang 453007 P. R. of China
| | - Xueli Niu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals; Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang 453007 P. R. of China
| | - Zhengwei Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals; Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang 453007 P. R. of China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals; Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang 453007 P. R. of China
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14
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Sardarian AR, Zangiabadi M, Inaloo ID. Fe3O4@SiO2/Schiff base/Pd complex as an efficient heterogeneous and recyclable nanocatalyst for chemoselective N-arylation of O-alkyl primary carbamates. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17268g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An Fe3O4@SiO2/Schiff base/Pd complex as an efficient, heterogeneous magnetically recoverable and reusable catalyst for the N-arylation of O-alkyl primary carbamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Sardarian
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Sciences
- Shiraz University
- Shiraz 71946 84795
- Iran
| | - M. Zangiabadi
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Sciences
- Shiraz University
- Shiraz 71946 84795
- Iran
| | - I. Dindarloo Inaloo
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Sciences
- Shiraz University
- Shiraz 71946 84795
- Iran
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15
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Soto M, Sebastián RM, Marquet J. Photochemical Activation of Extremely Weak Nucleophiles: Highly Fluorinated Urethanes and Polyurethanes from Polyfluoro Alcohols. J Org Chem 2014; 79:5019-27. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5005789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Soto
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa María Sebastián
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Marquet
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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