Synthesis and Characterization of New γ-Substituted Pentamethine Cyanine Dyes

New-Generation Heterocyclic Bis-Pentamethinium Salts as Potential Cytostatic Drugs with Dual IL-6R and Mitochondria-Targeting Activity

IL-6 signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of a number of serious diseases, including chronic inflammation and cancer. Targeting of IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) by small molecules is therefore an intensively studied strategy in cancer treatment. We describe the design, synthesis, and characteristics of two new bis-pentamethinium salts 5 and 6 (meta and para) bearing indole moieties. Molecular docking studies showed that both compounds have the potential to bind IL-6R (free energy of binding −9.5 and −8.1 kcal/mol). The interaction with IL-6R was confirmed using microscale thermophoresis analyses, which revealed that both compounds had strong affinity for the IL-6R (experimentally determined dissociation constants 26.5 ± 2.5 nM and 304 ± 27.6 nM, respectively). In addition, both compounds were cytotoxic for a broad spectrum of cancer cell lines in micromolar concentrations, most likely due to their accumulation in mitochondria and inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. In summary, the structure motif of bis-pentamethinium salts represents a promising starting point for the design of novel multitargeting compounds with the potential to inhibit IL-6 signaling and simultaneously target mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cells.

An efficient route to the synthesis of novel zwitterionic pyridinium-cyanopropenides with 3-heteroaryl-substituted trimethinium salts

In this study, eight new zwitterionic derivatives were synthesized using a simple design method from the reaction of various 2-substituted 1,3-bis(dimethylamino)-trimethinium salts with malononitrile or ethyl 2-cyanoacetate in excellent yields in the presence of triethylamine in ethanol at reflux. The molecular structures of the new compounds were confirmed by IR, UV/vis, mass, ¹H, and ¹³C NMR spectra as well as by elemental analyses.

Synthesis of new zwitterionic derivatives via the reaction of 2-substituted 1,3-bis(dimethylamino)-trimethinium salts with malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate in the presence of Et₃N in ethanol at reflux.

Synthesis of new allylidene amino phenol-containing Schiff bases and metal complex formation using trimethinium salts

An efficient route for the synthesis of novel Schiff bases from the condensation reaction of 2-substituted 1,3-bis(dimethylamino)-trimethinium salts with diverse aminophenols in the presence of triethylamine in EtOH at reflux is described. Complexes of transition metals with Schiff base ligand (L) 3c, having the donor atom set N₂O₂, were studied. The ultraviolet spectral behavior of the complexes in DMSO was investigated and the λ_max of these compounds was examined. The structure of the new compounds was confirmed based on their spectral data from IR, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR, mass spectra, and elemental analysis.

An efficient route for the synthesis of novel Schiff bases from the condensation reaction of 2-substituted 1,3-bis(dimethylamino)-trimethinium salts with diverse aminophenols in the presence of triethylamine in EtOH at reflux is described.

A facile and efficient route to one-pot synthesis of new cyclophanes using vinamidinium salts

In this study, an efficient method for the synthesis of new cyclophanes (5a–f, 6a–g) through the condensation of 1,4-phenylenedimethanamine (3) or 2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene-1,4-diamine (4) with 2-substituted vinamidiniums (2a–g) is described. The cyclophane derivatives are obtained in good to excellent yields in the presence of acetic acid in refluxing acetonitrile after 15 h. The structure of new compounds was validated based on their spectral data (¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, IR) and elemental analysis.

New cyclophane derivatives are synthesized from the reaction of γ-substituted vinamidinium salts with 1,4-phenylenedimethanamine and 2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene-1,4-diamine in the presence of acetic acid and acetonitrile as solvent.

Rational design of chemical ligands for selective mitochondrial targeting

The rational design of molecules with selective intracellular targeting is a great challenge for contemporary chemistry and life sciences. Here, we demonstrate a rational approach to development of compartment-specific fluorescent dyes from the γ-aryl substituted pentamethine family. These novel dyes exhibit an extraordinary affinity and selectivity for cardiolipin in inner mitochondrial membrane and possess excellent photostability, fluorescent properties, and low phototoxicity. Selective imaging of live and fixed mitochondria was achieved in various cell lines using nanomolar concentrations of these dyes. Their high localization specificity and low toxicity enables study of morphological changes, structural complexity, and dynamics of mitochondria playing a pivotal role in many pathological diseases. These far-red emitting dyes could also serve in a variety of biomedical applications.