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Rohman N, Ardiansah B, Wukirsari T, Judeh Z. Recent Trends in the Synthesis and Bioactivity of Coumarin, Coumarin-Chalcone, and Coumarin-Triazole Molecular Hybrids. Molecules 2024; 29:1026. [PMID: 38474540 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular hybridization represents a new approach in drug discovery in which specific chromophores are strategically combined to create novel drugs with enhanced therapeutic effects. This innovative strategy leverages the strengths of individual chromophores to address complex biological challenges, synergize beneficial properties, optimize pharmacokinetics, and overcome limitations associated with single-agent therapies. Coumarins are documented to possess several bioactivities and have therefore been targeted for combination with other active moieties to create molecular hybrids. This review summarizes recent (2013-2023) trends in the synthesis of coumarins, as well as coumarin-chalcone and coumarin-triazole molecular hybrids. To cover the wide aspects of this area, we have included differently substituted coumarins, chalcones, 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-triazoles in this review and considered the point of fusion/attachment with coumarin to show the diversity of these hybrids. The reported syntheses mainly relied on well-established chemistry without the need for strict reaction conditions and usually produced high yields. Additionally, we discussed the bioactivities of the reported compounds, including antioxidative, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-cholinesterase activities and commented on their IC50 where possible. Promising bioactivity results have been obtained so far. It is noted that mechanistic studies are infrequently found in the published work, which was also mentioned in this review to give the reader a better understanding. This review aims to provide valuable information to enable further developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Rohman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Bayu Ardiansah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Tuti Wukirsari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Zaher Judeh
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, N1.2-B1-14, Singapore 637459, Singapore
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Salehi B, Quispe C, Chamkhi I, El Omari N, Balahbib A, Sharifi-Rad J, Bouyahya A, Akram M, Iqbal M, Docea AO, Caruntu C, Leyva-Gómez G, Dey A, Martorell M, Calina D, López V, Les F. Pharmacological Properties of Chalcones: A Review of Preclinical Including Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:592654. [PMID: 33536909 PMCID: PMC7849684 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.592654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chalcones are among the leading bioactive flavonoids with a therapeutic potential implicated to an array of bioactivities investigated by a series of preclinical and clinical studies. In this article, different scientific databases were searched to retrieve studies depicting the biological activities of chalcones and their derivatives. This review comprehensively describes preclinical studies on chalcones and their derivatives describing their immense significance as antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiparasitic, psychoactive, and neuroprotective agents. Besides, clinical trials revealed their use in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency, skin conditions, and cancer. Bioavailability studies on chalcones and derivatives indicate possible hindrance and improvement in relation to its nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. Multifaceted and complex underlying mechanisms of chalcone actions demonstrated their ability to modulate a number of cancer cell lines, to inhibit a number of pathological microorganisms and parasites, and to control a number of signaling molecules and cascades related to disease modification. Clinical studies on chalcones revealed general absence of adverse effects besides reducing the clinical signs and symptoms with decent bioavailability. Further studies are needed to elucidate their structure activity, toxicity concerns, cellular basis of mode of action, and interactions with other molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Imane Chamkhi
- Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.,Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, AgroBioSciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelaali Balahbib
- Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Iqbal
- Institute of Health Management, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Dermatology, "Prof. N.C. Paulescu" National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento De Farmacia, Facultad De Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Ciudad De México, Mexico
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Unidad De Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, Universidad De Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Víctor López
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario De Aragón-IA2 CITA-Universidad De Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco Les
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario De Aragón-IA2 CITA-Universidad De Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Emam SH, Sonousi A, Osman EO, Hwang D, Kim GD, Hassan RA. Design and synthesis of methoxyphenyl- and coumarin-based chalcone derivatives as anti-inflammatory agents by inhibition of NO production and down-regulation of NF-κB in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Bioorg Chem 2021; 107:104630. [PMID: 33476864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exaggerated inflammatory responses may cause serious and debilitating diseases such as acute lung injury and rheumatoid arthritis. Two series of chalcone derivatives were prepared as anti-inflammatory agents. Methoxylated phenyl-based chalcones 2a-l and coumarin-based chalcones 3a-f were synthesized and compared for their inhibition of COX-2 enzyme and nitric oxide production suppression. Methoxylated phenyl-based chalcones showed better inhibition to COX-2 enzyme and nitric oxide suppression than the coumarin-based chalcones. Among the 18 synthesized chalcone derivatives, compound 2f exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of nitric oxide concentration in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages (IC50 = 11.2 μM). The tested compound 2f showed suppression of iNOS and COX-2 enzymes. Moreover, compound 2f decreases in the expression of NF-κB and phosphorylated IκB in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Finally, docking studies suggested the inhibition of IKKβ as a mechanism of action and highlighted the importance of 2f hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha H Emam
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Amr Sonousi
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capital, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Eman O Osman
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Dukhyun Hwang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Do Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Rasha A Hassan
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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