Efficient synthesis and molecular docking studies of new pyrimidine-chromeno hybrid derivatives as potential antiproliferative agents

A biochemistry-oriented drug design: synthesis, anticancer activity, enzymes inhibition, molecular docking studies of novel 1,2,4-triazole derivatives

In this study, we researched the reactions of 5-(5-bromofuran-2-yl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol and 5-thiophene-(3-ylmethyl)-4R-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols with some halogen-containing compounds, a number of new compounds were synthesized (1.1-1.5 and 2.1-2.8). These compounds showed excellent to good inhibitory activities on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes. For obtaining the effects of these compounds on AChE and BChE enzymes were determined spectrophotometrically according to Ellman. IC50 values of these enzymes were ranging between 1.63 and 17.68 nM for AChE and 8.71 and 84.02 nM for BChE. After, prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality for men over the age of 65 in developed countries. Current treatment options remain limited in the treatment of advanced-stage prostate cancer leading to biochemical recurrence in almost 40% of the patients. Therefore, there is an urgent need for development of novel therapeutic tools for treatment of prostate cancer patients. In this study, we aimed at analyzing the potential of all compounds against prostate cancer cells. We found that, of the tested compounds, 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 showed significant cytotoxic activities against PC3 prostate cancer cells, although their effect on the viability of normal prostate cells was limited. These findings suggest their selective targeting potential for prostate cancer cells and offer them as candidate therapeutic agents against prostate cancer. The inhibitory activities of some chemical compounds, such as (1.1-1.5 and 2.1-2.8) were assessed by performing the molecular docking study in the presence of AChE, BChE and prostate cancer protein. MM/GBSA methods are calculated binding free energy. Finally, ADME/T analysis was performed to examine the drug properties of the 13 studied molecules.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Antimicrobial Potency and E. coli β-Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition Efficacy of Phenazone-Based Molecules

In this investigation, 4-antipyrinecarboxaldhyde was reacted with methyl hydrazinecarbodithioate to afford the carbodithioate derivative 3. The as-prepared carbodithioate derivative 3 is considered to be a key molecule for the preparation of new antipyrine-1,3,4-thiadiazole-based molecules (4-9) through its reaction with the appropriate hydrazonoyl halides. Furthermore, a typical Biginelli three-component cyclocondensation reaction involving ethyl acetoacetate, 4-antipyrinecarboxaldhyde, and thiourea under the standard conditions is carried out in the presence of sulfuric acid to afford the corresponding antipyrine-pyrimidine hybrid molecule (10). The latter was submitted to react with hydrazine monohydrate to provide the corresponding hydrazide derivative (11) which, under reaction with ethyl acetoacetate in refluxing ethanol containing catalytic amount of acetic acid, afforded the corresponding derivative (12). The structure of the newly synthesized compounds was affirmed by their spectral and microanalytical data. We also screened for their antimicrobial potential (ZOI and MIC) and conducted a kinetic study. Additionally, the mechanism of biological action was assessed by a membrane leakage assay and SEM imaging technique. Moreover, the biological activities and the binding modes of these compounds were further supplemented by an in silico docking study against E. coli β-carbonic anhydrase. The amount of cellular protein released by E. coli is directly correlated to the concentration of compound 9, which was found to be 177.99 µg/mL following treatment with 1.0 mg/mL of compound 9. This finding supports compound 9's antibacterial properties and explains how the formation of holes in the E. coli cell membrane results in the release of proteins from the cytoplasm. The newly synthesized compounds represent acceptable antimicrobial activities with potential action against E. coli β-carbonic anhydrase. The docking studies and antimicrobial activity test proved that compound (9) declared a greater activity than the other synthesized compounds.

Chromone Containing Hybrid Analogs: Synthesis and Applications in Medicinal Chemistry

The use of privileged scaffolds has proven beneficial for generating novel bioactive scaffolds in drug discovery program. Chromone is one such privileged scaffold that has been exploited for designing pharmacologically active analogs. The molecular hybridization technique combines the pharmacophoric features of two or more bioactive compounds to avail a better pharmacological activity in the resultant hybrid analogs. The current review summarizes the rationale and techniques involved in developing hybrid analogs of chromone, which show potential in fields of obesity, diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer's disease and microbial infections. Here the molecular hybrids of chromone with various pharmacologically active analogs or fragments (donepezil, tacrine, pyrimidines, azoles, furanchalcones, hydrazones, quinolines, etc.) are discussed with their structure-activity relationship against above-mentioned diseases. Detailed methodologies for the synthesis of corresponding hybrid analogs have also been described, with suitable synthetic schemes. The current review will shed light on various strategies utilized for the design of hybrid analogs in the field of drug discovery. The importance of hybrid analogs in various disease conditions is also illustrated.