1
|
Lecorps B, Welk A, Weary DM, von Keyserlingk MAG. Postpartum Stressors Cause a Reduction in Mechanical Brush Use in Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3031. [PMID: 34827764 PMCID: PMC8614528 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy cows are often subjected to multiple post-partum stressors but how these stressors impact cows' affective states remain poorly understood. Negative affective states are often associated with reduced expression of low-resilience behaviors, so we explored whether cows would reduce their use of a brush after calving. Before calving, cows were offered the opportunity to use a mechanical brush once a week for 10 min. In Experiment 1, we explored whether cows reduced their use of a mechanical brush after parturition (compared to prepartum values) when subjected to the myriad of stressors typically experienced by cows at this time. In Experiment 2, we assessed the effect of cow-calf separation. Results from Experiment 1 showed that cows displayed a reduced brush use following parturition compared to the week before calving. In Experiment 2, we showed that cows given more time to bond with their calf, and who were separated more recently from their calf, showed a more pronounced reduction in brush use. Cows provided part-time contact with their calf for 29 days also reduced their brush use when they were permanently separated from their calf on day 30 after calving. These results suggest that cows experienced anhedonia and point to new directions for research on dairy cow affective states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marina A. G. von Keyserlingk
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, 2357 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z6, Canada; (B.L.); (A.W.); (D.M.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Suganuma K, Kayano M, Kida K, Gröhn YT, Miura R, Ohari Y, Mizushima D, Inoue N. Genetic and seasonal variations of Trypanosoma theileri and the association of Trypanosoma theileri infection with dairy cattle productivity in Northern Japan. Parasitol Int 2021; 86:102476. [PMID: 34610467 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma theileri is considered a non- or low-pathogenic trypanosome that generally causes latent infection in apparently healthy cattle; however, T. theileri propagates in the bloodstream and may cause clinical disease in pregnant animals or co-infection with bovine leukemia virus or Theileria orientalis. In the current study, a monthly survey of T. theileri infection over one year was carried out in a research dairy farm in Hokkaido, Japan to determine the 1) seasonal variations in the prevalence, 2) genetic characterization of T. theileri, and 3) associations of milk and blood parameters in dairy cattle with T. theileri infection, including data of metabolic profile tests and dairy herd performance tests, using linear mixed models. We found that 1) the prevalence of T. theileri infection was significantly higher in summer and winter than in other seasons; 2) T. theileri possibly showed genetic diversity in Eastern Hokkaido; and 3) T. theileri infection was associated with significantly lower levels of blood urea nitrogen, milk protein, and solids-not-fat, which are caused by a low rumen fermentation level. This is the first study to report the negative impact of T. theileri infection in dairy cattle, and our study indicates that control of T. theileri infection can improve the productivity of dairy cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Suganuma
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Mitsunori Kayano
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Field Center of Animal Science and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Katsuya Kida
- Field Center of Animal Science and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Yrjö T Gröhn
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Ryotaro Miura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Yuma Ohari
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Daiki Mizushima
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Noboru Inoue
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cruz I, Pereira I, Ruprechter G, Barca J, Meikle A, Larriestra A. Clinical disease incidence during early lactation, risk factors and association with fertility and culling in grazing dairy cows in Uruguay. Prev Vet Med 2021; 191:105359. [PMID: 33945956 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims to describe clinical disease incidence in early lactation and explore its association with fertility and culling in 13 commercial grazing dairy herds in Uruguay. Seven farms with less than 250 dairy cows considered small herds (SH) with a herd size average ± (SD) of 144 ± (56) cows and six farms with more than 500 cows considered large herds (LH) with a herd size average ± (SD) of 830 ± (239) cows were selected. Herd managers recorded health events during the first 90 days in milk in 5375 Holstein dairy cows [24.5% (n=1316) of them were primiparous cows, (PP)] during one year. Overall, 36.5% (n=1959) of the cows had at least one clinical health event between 1-90 days in milk. The cumulative incidences were 2.2% for twin birth and 4.9% for stillbirth. Cumulative incidence was 4.4% for retained placenta-metritis (RP-metritis), 27.6% for clinical mastitis and 5.0% for lameness. Our data showed that parity and herd size were risk factors for postpartum disease in grazing dairy herds. In PP cows, stillbirth incidence was higher than in multiparous (MP) cows (PP=6.9 ± 3.4, SD vs. MP=4.3 ± 2.6, SD), while in MP cows twin births (MP=2.7 ± 1.7, SD vs. PP=0.7 ± 2.7, SD), RP-metritis (MP=4.6 ± 3.9, SD vs. PP=3.8 ± 3.7, SD) and mastitis incidence (MP=30.9 ± 11.4, SD vs. PP=17.2 ± 13.9, SD) was higher. Clinical mastitis (LH=29.4 ± 9.6, SD vs. SH=19.1 ± 11.3, SD) and lameness incidence (LH=5.6 ± 1.9, SD vs. SH=2.3 ± 2.1, SD) was higher in large herds than in small herds. RP-metritis was increased by stillbirth (OR=4.4, 95 % CI=2.9-6.5) and twin birth (OR=2.8, 95 % CI=1.5-5.1). Diseases had a negative impact on time to first service and pregnancy rate and increased culling hazard rate. Disease incidence in early lactation was high and showed a wide variation among herds (10.4%-48.7%), which highlights the relevance of a herd health program prioritizing the early lactation disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cruz
- Animal Endocrine and Metabolism Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, PC 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | | | - Gretel Ruprechter
- Animal Endocrine and Metabolism Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, PC 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Joaquin Barca
- Animal Endocrine and Metabolism Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, PC 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Meikle
- Animal Endocrine and Metabolism Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, PC 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandro Larriestra
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, National University of Rio Cuarto, PC 5800, Argentina; Institute for Agroindustrial Development and Health (IDAS), UNRC-CONICET, National Route 36 km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abuelo A, Havrlant P, Wood N, Hernandez-Jover M. An investigation of dairy calf management practices, colostrum quality, failure of transfer of passive immunity, and occurrence of enteropathogens among Australian dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:8352-8366. [PMID: 31255273 PMCID: PMC7094663 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Calf preweaning morbidity and mortality risks have been reported as high in several countries, with average values approximating 35 and 7%, respectively. However, limited data are available for calf morbidity and mortality risks on Australian dairy farms. The aims of this study were (1) to investigate current calf management practices on dairy farms in Australia and their association with herd-level morbidity and mortality using a questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study; and (2) to estimate the prevalence of common enteropathogens causing diarrhea, the failure of passive transfer of immunity, and poor colostrum quality in a sample of Australian dairy farms. We analyzed 106 completed questionnaires and samples from 23 farms (202 fecal, 253 calf serum, and 221 colostrum samples). Morbidity and mortality risks reported by farmers in preweaned heifers were 23.8 and 5.6%, respectively. These risks were above the Australian dairy industry targets in 75.5 and 66.7% of respondents. The zoonotic pathogens Cryptosporidium spp. and Salmonella spp. were the most prevalent enteropathogens, with a true prevalence of 40.9 and 25.2%, respectively. Salmonella O-group D was present in 67.9% of Salmonella-positive samples, followed by O-groups B (17.9%) and C (10.7%). Failure of transfer of passive immunity (IgG <10 g/L) was observed in 41.9% of calves (mean herd-level prevalence of 36.2%), and only 19.5% of colostrum samples met the standards for immunoglobulin content and microbiological quality. Collectively, these data indicate that there is still considerable room for improvement in calf-rearing practices on Australian dairy farms, particularly with regard to colostrum management and feeding hygiene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Abuelo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd., East Lansing 48824; School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga NSW 2650, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga NSW 2650, Australia.
| | - Peter Havrlant
- Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Private Mail Bag, Wagga Wagga NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Natalie Wood
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Marta Hernandez-Jover
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga NSW 2650, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga NSW 2650, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chambers GP, Newton HT. Investigation of the association between the interval from internal teat sealant administration to calving and early lactation clinical mastitis in New Zealand dairy heifers. N Z Vet J 2019; 67:93-100. [PMID: 30557522 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2018.1559110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the association between the interval from internal teat sealant (ITS) administration to calving and the incidence of farmer-recorded clinical mastitis in the first 30 days of lactation in pasture-based dairy heifers. METHODS Heifers that were administered an ITS by a single veterinary business in the South Island of New Zealand over the winter of 2014 were enrolled in a cross-sectional observational study. ITS was administered to all heifers on each participating farm on a single calendar day. The dates of calving and farmer-diagnosed clinical mastitis were recorded by farm staff. The interval from ITS administration to calving was categorised into four approximately evenly sized groups: <35, 35-48, 49-69 and >69 days. The quartile of the farm's calving period in which each heifer calved was also investigated as a potential confounding variable. A hierarchical logistic regression model was constructed to determine the association between the interval from ITS administration to calving with the odds of clinical mastitis in the first 30 days of lactation. RESULTS Analysis was performed on 7,126 eligible heifers from 31 farms, with ITS administered between 9 May and 11 July 2014. The mean interval from ITS administration to calving was 52.9 (SD 24.4, min 1, max 137) days. Clinical mastitis was diagnosed in 420/7,126 (5.9 (95% CI=5.4-6.5)%) heifers between calving and day 30 of lactation. In the final multivariable model, which included calving period quartile, interval from ITS administration to calving was not associated with the odds of clinical mastitis (p=0.516). Compared to an interval from ITS administration to calving of <35 days, the adjusted OR of clinical mastitis for intervals of 35-48, 49-69 and >69 days were 0.83 (95% CI=0.59-1.17), 0.71 (95% CI=0.45-1.11) and 0.68 (95% CI=0.36-1.29), respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Within the range of intervals from ITS administration to calving observed in this study, there was no association with the odds of clinical mastitis in the first 30 days of lactation in dairy heifers. This study suggests that veterinary clinics may be able to extend their ITS administration service and treat dairy heifers earlier than the current recommendation of approximately 4 weeks before the planned start of calving.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G P Chambers
- a Zoetis New Zealand Limited , Level 5, 8 Mahuhu Crescent, Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - H T Newton
- b Veterinary Centre Limited , Oamaru, 311 Thames Street, Oamaru 9400 , New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Naqvi SA, Nobrega DB, Ronksley PE, Barkema HW. Invited review: Effectiveness of precalving treatment on postcalving udder health in nulliparous dairy heifers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
|
7
|
Naqvi SA, De Buck J, Dufour S, Barkema HW. Udder health in Canadian dairy heifers during early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3233-3247. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
8
|
Neave H, Lomb J, von Keyserlingk M, Behnam-Shabahang A, Weary D. Parity differences in the behavior of transition dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:548-561. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
9
|
Abb-Schwedler K, Maeschli A, Boss R, Graber HU, Steiner A, Klocke P. Feeding mastitis milk to organic dairy calves: effect on health and performance during suckling and on udder health at first calving. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:267. [PMID: 25420614 PMCID: PMC4256886 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection pathways of S. aureus udder infections in heifers are still not well understood. One hypothesis is that calves become infected with S. aureus via feeding mastitis milk. Especially on small-scale farms, pasteurisers are not economic. The purpose of this randomised comparative study was to investigate the influence of feeding milk containing S. aureus genotype B (SAGTB) on the health and development of calves and udder health of the respective heifers. Additionally, a method reducing the bacterial load to obtain safer feeding milk was tested. Thirty-four calves were fed mastitis milk from cows with subclinical SAGTB mastitis. One group was fed untreated milk (UMG). For the other group, milk was thermised at 61°C for one minute (heat treated milk group = HMG). After weaning, calves were followed up until first calving. A milk sample of these heifers was taken at first milking to compare udder health of both groups. Results Thermisation of milk led to an effective reduction of S. aureus in the feeding milk. 78% of the analysed pools were free of S. aureus, a reduction of at least one log was obtained in the other pools. Quarter milk samples revealed that two heifers had a S. aureus intramammary infection, but caused by a genotype different from genotype B. During the suckling period, the UMG had a significantly higher incidence rate of 1.09 diarrhoea cases per 100 calf days at risk compared to 0.26 cases per 100 calf days in the HMG (p < 0.05). Conclusions Under the conditions of this study, no effects of feeding milk containing SAGTB on udder health after first calving were observed. But a power analysis indicated that the sample size in the current setup is insufficient to allow for assessment on mastitis risk after SAGTB exposition, as a minimal number of 4 calves infected (vs. 0 in the HMG) would have shown significant effects. High bacterial load, however, was associated with an increased incidence rate of diarrhoea. Thus, thermisation as a minimal preventive measure before feeding mastitis milk to calves might be beneficial for maintaining calf health. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-014-0267-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sahu SK, Parkinson TJ, Laven RA. Conception rates to fixed-time artificial insemination of two oestrus synchronisation programmes in dairy heifers. N Z Vet J 2014; 63:158-61. [PMID: 25356623 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2014.982740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the conception rate to fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) of two oestrus synchronisation programmes in dairy heifers on eight farms over 2 years. METHODS The study was conducted in 2008 and 2010 on eight farms near Palmerston North, New Zealand. Nulliparous Friesian and Friesian×Jersey heifers (13-15 months of age) were randomly allocated to one of two oestrus synchronisation programmes. Group 1 (GPG+P4; n=330), received gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) I/M on Day 0, a progesterone (P4)-releasing intravaginal device from Days 0-7, prostaglandin F2α (PGF) I/M on Day 7 and a second dose of GnRH at the time of FTAI on Day 9. The second group (P4+PGF; n=343) received a P4-releasing intravaginal device from Days 0-7, PGF on Day 6 and FTAI on Day 9. Pregnancy was diagnosed from Days 42-52 by transrectal ultrasonography. RESULTS The overall conception rate was 52.4% and 54.8% for the GPG+P4 and P4+PGF groups, respectively. The odds of conception for the two treatments were not different (OR=0.90; 95% CI=0.67-1.23), nor was there any difference between groups in different years (p=0.58). Farm affected conception rate (p=0.002), but there was no interaction with treatment (p=0.92) . CONCLUSIONS This study has shown that an alternative synchronisation programme can produce similar results in terms of conception rate to the GPG+P4 treatment, currently commonly used in heifers. More research is required to establish whether other modifications to the GPG+P4 programme can produce similar results at lower costs, and to identify and quantify farm factors which affect the economic benefit of heifer synchronisation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study indicated that synchronising heifers with P4 and PGF resulted in conception rates equivalent to those resulting from a GPG+P4 treatment, but with reduced drug costs. However, because heifers in the GPG+P4 group received the second GnRH injection at the time of AI, they needed only three yardings as opposed to the four required for the heifers treated with P4 and PGF. Thus, the choice of programme for an individual farm will depend on that farm's circumstances, in particular the cost of yarding the heifers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Sahu
- a Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
The prevalence of heifer mastitis and its associated risk factors in Huanggang, Central China. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 47:87-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0689-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
12
|
Passchyn P, Piepers S, De Vliegher S. Systemic prepartum treatment of end-term dairy heifers with penethamate hydriodide: Effect on udder health, milk yield, and culling until 120 days in milk. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6324-35. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
13
|
Relationship between previous history of Streptococcus uberis infection and response to a challenge model. J DAIRY RES 2013; 80:360-6. [PMID: 23806189 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029913000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus uberis is the most common cause of clinical mastitis at calving in pasture-based dairy cows. Results of experimental inoculations were compared with cows' previous history of infection to help define a model for susceptibility to Str. uberis mastitis. Cows used had either no apparent history of intramammary infection (IMI) by Str. uberis or other major mastitis pathogens throughout their productive lifetime ('apparently uninfected'; AUI), or had a confirmed history of Str. uberis IMI ('historically infected'; HI). Cows were exposed to Str. uberis in sequential steps: dipping of the teat end (DIP; n=53 cows); a teat canal inoculation (TCI; n=33 cows); and, finally, intramammary inoculation challenge (IC; n=7 cows). Only cows that remained free of infection at each step progressed to the next phase. Infection rates were similar between AUI or HI cows following the DIP (9 and 17% respectively), or the TCI (75 and 68% respectively). Physical and biochemical traits of cows were examined. Analysis of traits prior to inoculations implied that HI cows produced more milk fat, while AUI cows tended to have longer teat canals. Analysis of traits for cows that became infected following DIP, implied that there was a positive association with milk fat production and negative association with somatic cell count (SCC), while there was a positive association with the duration of p.m. milking, and negative association with SCC in those cows that became infected following TCI. Only AUI cows became infected following the IC inoculation. Similarity in response to experimental inoculation between the two groups suggests that the current dip or teat canal inoculation (using a 3-mm depth of inoculation) models are not good predictors of natural resistance to Str. uberis. However, a population of cows was identified that remained uninfected after DIP, TCI and IC, and may comprise a resistant phenotype.
Collapse
|
14
|
De Vliegher S, Fox LK, Piepers S, McDougall S, Barkema HW. Invited review: Mastitis in dairy heifers: nature of the disease, potential impact, prevention, and control. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:1025-40. [PMID: 22365187 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-4074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Heifer mastitis is a disease that potentially threatens production and udder health in the first and subsequent lactations. In general, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are the predominant cause of intramammary infection and subclinical mastitis in heifers around parturition, whereas Staphylococcus aureus and environmental pathogens cause a minority of the cases. Clinical heifer mastitis is typically caused by the major pathogens. The variation in proportions of causative pathogens between studies, herds, and countries is considerable. The magnitude of the effect of heifer mastitis on an individual animal is influenced by the form of mastitis (clinical versus subclinical), the virulence of the causative pathogen(s) (major versus minor pathogens), the time of onset of infection relative to calving, cure or persistence of the infection when milk production has started, and the host's immunity. Intramammary infection in early lactation caused by CNS does not generally have a negative effect on subsequent productivity. At the herd level, the impact will depend on the prevalence and incidence of the disease, the nature of the problem (clinical, subclinical, nonfunctional quarters), the causative pathogens involved (major versus minor pathogens), the ability of the animals to cope with the disease, and the response of the dairy manager to control the disease through management changes. Specific recommendations to prevent and control mastitis in late gestation in periparturient heifers are not part of the current National Mastitis Council mastitis and prevention program. Control and prevention is currently based on avoidance of inter-sucking among young stock, fly control, optimal nutrition, and implementation of hygiene control and comfort measures, especially around calving. More risk factors for subclinical and clinical heifer mastitis have been identified (e.g., season, location of herd, stage of pregnancy) although they do not lend themselves to the development of specific intervention strategies designed to prevent the disease. Pathogen-specific risk factors and associated control measures need to be identified due to the pathogen-related variation in epidemiology and effect on future performance. Prepartum intramammary treatment with antibiotics has been proposed as a simple and effective way of controlling heifer mastitis but positive long-lasting effects on somatic cell count and milk yield do not always occur, ruling out universal recommendation of this practice. Moreover, use of antibiotics in this manner is off-label and results in an increased risk of antibiotic residues in milk. Prepartum treatment can be implemented only as a short-term measure to assist in the control of a significant heifer mastitis problem under supervision of the herd veterinarian. When CNS are the major cause of intramammary infection in heifers, productivity is not affected, making prepartum treatment redundant and even unwanted. In conclusion, heifer mastitis can affect the profitability of dairy farming because of a potential long-term negative effect on udder health and milk production and an associated culling risk, specifically when major pathogens are involved. Prevention and control is not easy but is possible through changes in young stock and heifer management. However, the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the disease remain largely unknown and more pathogen-specific risk factors should be identified to optimize current prevention programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Leitner G, Merin U, Krifucks O, Blum S, Rivas AL, Silanikove N. Effects of intra-mammary bacterial infection with coagulase negative staphylococci and stage of lactation on shedding of epithelial cells and infiltration of leukocytes into milk: Comparison among cows, goats and sheep. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 147:202-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
16
|
van den Borne BHP, van Schaik G, Lam TJGM, Nielen M. Variation in herd level mastitis indicators between primi- and multiparae in Dutch dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 2010; 96:49-55. [PMID: 20541822 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Composite somatic cell count data from the national test day recording and reported cases of farmer diagnosed clinical mastitis were used to estimate the occurrence of mastitis from July 2004 to June 2005 in primi- and multiparae in the Netherlands. Herds had to participate in the test day recording and had to have at least 50 cows. A random selection of 396 of these dairy herds provided composite somatic cell count data, while 205 dairy herds additionally reported on clinical mastitis cases. Prevalence of subclinical mastitis was calculated per herd as the proportion of cows with somatic cell count>200,000cells/ml. The incidence rate to clinical mastitis was calculated as the number of clinical mastitis cases divided by the number of cow days at risk per herd. Negative binomial models were used to correct for overdispersion. Mean herd level subclinical mastitis prevalence was 12.8% (95% CI: 12.2-13.5%) in primi- and 27.1% (95% CI: 26.2-28.1%) in multiparae. Mean herd level clinical mastitis cases were observed 20.2 (95% CI: 18.3-22.4) and 39.6 (95% CI: 37.1-42.3) times per 100 cow-years at risk, respectively. Some herds had a high mastitis occurrence in one parity group, while it was low in the other. Parity-specific monitoring is needed to identify such herds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B H P van den Borne
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Prevalence of pathogens in milk samples of dairy cows with clinical mastitis and in heifers at first parturition. J DAIRY RES 2009; 76:179-87. [PMID: 19121235 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029908003786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of mastitis pathogens in milk samples from dairy cows and heifers was studied over a period of 1 year (Aug 2005-Aug 2006) in ten dairy herds in Germany. Milk samples (n=8240) were collected from heifers without clinical mastitis at parturition (n=6915), from primiparous cows with clinical mastitis (n=751) and from older cows with clinical mastitis (n=574). Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) were the predominant group of bacteria isolated (46.8% of samples) from clinically healthy quarters of primiparous cows around parturition, followed by streptococci (12.6%), coliforms (4.7%) and Staphylococcus aureus (4.0%). Thirty-three percent of samples were negative on culture (range on farm level, 12.0-46.4%). In cases of clinical mastitis in primiparous and older cows, streptococci were the predominant finding (32.1 and 39.2%) followed by CNS (27.4 and 16.4%), coliforms (10.3 and 13.1%) and Staph. aureus (10.0 and 11.7%). Negative results were obtained from 21.3% (range, 0.0-30.6%) and 19.5% (range, 0.0-32.6%) of these samples. Results indicated substantial differences in the prevalence of pathogens among herds. There was a positive within-herd correlation between the monthly prevalences for Streptococcus dysgalactiae between the three groups of samples. This correlation was also found between clinical samples of primiparous and older cows for Staph. aureus. These correlations were not found for the other pathogens. Besides herd, prevalence of pathogens was influenced by parity, type of sample and season.
Collapse
|
18
|
McDougall S, Parker KI, Weir AM, Compton CWR. Effect of application of an external teat sealant and/or oral treatment with a monensin capsule pre-calving on the prevalence and incidence of subclinical and clinical mastitis in dairy heifers. N Z Vet J 2008; 56:120-9. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2008.36820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|