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Lichtmannsperger K, Hartsleben C, Spöcker M, Hechenberger N, Tichy A, Wittek T. Factors Associated with Colostrum Quality, the Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity, and the Impact on Calf Health in the First Three Weeks of Life. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1740. [PMID: 37889665 PMCID: PMC10251921 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate factors associated with colostrum quality and FTPI in calves from dairy farms in Austria and to assess the associations between disease occurrence and FTPI in calves. In total, 250 calves and their colostrum samples originating from 11 dairy farms were included in the study. All calves born between September 2021 and September 2022 were included. Blood samples were collected between the third and the sixth day of age. The farmers were trained in disease detection and recorded any health events within the first three weeks of age daily. Multiparous cows (>3 lactation) and colostrum harvesting within the first 2 hours after parturition were significantly associated with good colostrum quality (>22% Brix). Colostrum quantity (≥2 L) and quality (≥22% Brix) acted as protective factors against FTPI (serum Brix ≥ 8.4%) with odds ratios of OR = 0.41 and OR = 0.26, respectively. Calves facing any health event (diarrhea, navel illness, bovine respiratory disease, abnormal behavior) in the first three weeks of life had a higher probability of FTPI. Calves exhibiting diarrhea in the first 3 weeks of life were associated with having FTPI (OR = 2.69). The results confirm the current recommendations for good colostrum management practices and the impact of FTPI on calf morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lichtmannsperger
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (C.H.); (M.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Christina Hartsleben
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (C.H.); (M.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Magdalena Spöcker
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (C.H.); (M.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Nicole Hechenberger
- Animal Health Service Salzburg, Bundesstraße 6, 5071 Wals-Siezenheim, Austria;
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Platform, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Thomas Wittek
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (C.H.); (M.S.); (T.W.)
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Chambers GP, Kelton W, Smolenski G, Cuttance E. Impact of prepartum administration of a vaccine against infectious calf diarrhea on nonspecific colostral immunoglobulin concentrations of dairy cows. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6604626. [PMID: 35678245 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins from the cow to the calf is essential for calf health. The objective of this study was to determine if prepartum administration of a vaccine stimulates increased concentrations of colostral immunoglobulins of dairy cows beyond what is explained by vaccine-specific immunoglobulins. A prospective cohort study was conducted on a spring-calving commercial dairy farm that had a policy of only vaccinating cows with even ear tag numbers with a calf diarrhea vaccine, while cows with odd ear tag numbers were left unvaccinated. Cows in the vaccinated group (even ear tag numbers, n=204) received a sensitizer and booster vaccination with a vaccine against bovine rotavirus (serotypes G6 and G10), bovine coronavirus and E. coli having the K99 pili adherence factor. A sensitizer was given because the study vaccine was different to the vaccine previously used. Cows in the control group (odd ear tag numbers, n=194) received a 2 mL subcutaneous sterile saline solution. Both groups received two treatments at a three-week interval, completing the treatments approximately two weeks prior to the planned start of calving. During the calving period, technicians separated calves from cows immediately after parturition and prior to suckling, and cows were completely milked out within six hours of parturition. Vaccine-specific, total, and nonvaccine-specific (total minus vaccine-specific) concentrations of immunoglobulin classes A, G1, G2a and M (IgA, IgG1, IgG2a and IgM respectively) were quantified by mass spectrometry for 20 colostrum samples from each treatment group. Predicted mean non-vaccine-specific colostral IgM concentrations were 8.76 (95% CI =7.18-10.67) and 5.78 (95% CI =4.74-7.05) mg/ml for vaccinated and control cows respectively (p =0.005). Predicted mean non-vaccine-specific colostral IgG1 concentrations were 106.08 (95% CI =92.07-120.08) and 95.30 (95% CI =81.30-109.31) mg/ml among vaccinated and control cows respectively, however these means were not significantly different (p=0.278). It is thus possible that the vaccine, in addition to specifically managing infectious calf diarrhea, may also have non-specific benefits by improving colostrum quality through increased non-vaccine-specific colostrum IgM concentrations. Further research is necessary to determine the mechanism for these preliminary findings, whether the effect may occur in other immunoglobulin classes, and what impacts it may have on calf health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Chambers
- Zoetis New Zealand Limited, Level 5, 8 Mahuhu Crescent, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - William Kelton
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Grant Smolenski
- MS3 Solutions Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Emma Cuttance
- EpiVets, 565 Mahoe Street, Te Awamutu, 3800, New Zealand
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Bartkiene E, Lele V, Sakiene V, Zavistanaviciute P, Ruzauskas M, Stankevicius A, Grigas J, Pautienius A, Bernatoniene J, Jakstas V, Zadeike D, Viskelis P, Juodeikiene G. Fermented, ultrasonicated, and dehydrated bovine colostrum: Changes in antimicrobial properties and immunoglobulin content. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:1315-1323. [PMID: 31864741 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum LUHS135 and Lactobacillus paracasei LUHS244, ultrasonication, and different methods of dehydration on the content of IgG, IgA, and IgM in bovine colostrum (BC), as well as the antimicrobial activity of the treated and fresh BC samples [fresh = BC; freeze dried = BClyoph; vacuum dried (+45°C) = BCvacdried; BC fermented with LUHS135 = BCLUHS135; BC fermented with LUHS244 = BCLUHS244; BC fermented with LUHS135 and freeze dried = BCLUHS135lyoph; BC fermented with LUHS244 and freeze dried = BCLUHS244 lyoph; BC fermented with LUHS135 and vacuum dried = BCLUHS135 vacdried; BC fermented with LUHS244 and vacuum dried = BCLUHS244 vacdried; BC ultrasonicated and freeze dried = BCultr lyoph; BC ultrasonicated and vacuum dried = BCultr vacdried]. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanni, Proteus mirabilis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Staphylococcus epidermis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Pasteurella multocida using the agar well diffusion method, as well as in liquid medium. In liquid medium analysis showed that the fermented BC samples had the broadest antimicrobial spectrum (of 15 tested pathogenic strains, BCLUHS135 vacdried and BCLUHS135lyoph inhibited 13; BCLUHS244 vacdried inhibited 12; and BCLUHS135, BCLUHS244, and BCLUHS244 lyoph inhibited 11). Based on the inhibition zones, BCLUHS135lyoph samples exhibited the broadest inhibition spectrum, inhibiting the growth of 12 of the 15 tested pathogenic strains). According to the lactic acid bacteria strain selected for BC fermentation, different properties of the BC will be obtained. To ensure a broad antimicrobial spectrum and high IgG content, fermentation with LUHS135 can be recommended (IgG concentration in BCLUHS135 was retained), whereas fermentation with LUHS244 will provide a high IgM concentration (IgM concentration increased by 48.8 and 21.6% in BCLUHS244 and BCLUHS244lyoph samples, respectively). However, IgA is very sensitive for fermentation, and further studies are needed to increase IgA stability in BC. Finally, fermented BC can be recommended as a food/beverage ingredient, providing safety, as well as improved functionality through displaying a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bartkiene
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, LT-5016 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Vita Lele
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, LT-5016 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vytaute Sakiene
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, LT-5016 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Paulina Zavistanaviciute
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, LT-5016 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Modestas Ruzauskas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, LT-5016 Kaunas, Lithuania; Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Stankevicius
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, LT-5016 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Juozas Grigas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, LT-5016 Kaunas, Lithuania; Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Arnoldas Pautienius
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, LT-5016 Kaunas, Lithuania; Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jurga Bernatoniene
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, LT-5016 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, LT-5016 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Valdas Jakstas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, LT-5016 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Daiva Zadeike
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, LT-5016 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Pranas Viskelis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, LT-5016 Kaunas, Lithuania; Biochemistry and Technology Laboratory, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Horticulture, Kauno St. 30, LT-54333 Babtai, Lithuania
| | - Grazina Juodeikiene
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, LT-5016 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Denholm KS, McDougall S, Chambers G, Clough W. Factors associated with colostrum quality in individual cows from dairy herds in the Waikato region of New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2018; 66:115-120. [PMID: 29268053 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2017.1418684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine associations between various cow-level factors and quality of first-milking colostrum (measured as Brix), and to evaluate herd-level associations between vaccination against calf diarrhoea and colostrum quality, in cows from dairy herds in the Waikato region of New Zealand. METHODS A single colostrum sample was collected, by complete udder evacuation, from each of 20 cows from 29 dairy herds in the Waikato region of New Zealand during the 2016 spring calving period. Vaccination pre-partum with a calf diarrhoea vaccine was used in 15 herds. Each colostrum sample was tested using a digital Brix refractometer. The body condition score of each cow was recorded at the time of sample collection and farmers provided records of clinical mastitis and facial eczema from the previous 12 months, as well as the age and breed of cows. Associations between cow-level variables in non-vaccinated herds and Brix were examined using a multivariable linear mixed model and estimated marginal means obtained for different categories. RESULTS Mean Brix of 281 samples from cows in non-vaccinated herds was 18.7 (SD 0.26)%; 63/281 (22.4%) samples had Brix ≥22% and 152/281 (54.1%) had Brix ≥18%. Mean Brix of colostrum samples from cows aged ≥6 years (20.2 (95% CI=19.1-21.2)%) was higher than for samples from 2-year-old cows (18.6 (95% CI=17.3-19.9)%) (p=0.005). Colostrum that was collected at the first milking on the day of calving had higher Brix (20.0 (95% CI=19.1-20.9)%) than colostrum collected from cows that calved the previous day (17.5 (95% CI=16.5-18.4)%) (p<0.001). Mean Brix of colostrum samples from cows which produced ≥8 L (18.2 (95% CI=17.1-19.2)%) tended to be lower than from cows which produced <8 L first-milking colostrum (19.1 (95% CI=18.3-20.0)%) (p=0.08). Among vaccinating herds, 9/15 (60%) had ≥60% colostrum samples with Brix ≥18% compared with 4/14 (29%) of non-vaccinating herds (p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Colostrum quality, as measured by Brix, was associated with the total volume of first-milking colostrum, interval from calving to colostrum collection and cow age. Vaccination against calf diarrhoea was associated with a higher proportion of colostrum samples with adequate Brix. Careful selection of colostrum donor cows should ensure newborn calves are fed adequate quality colostrum which should be beneficial in preventing failure of passive transfer of IgG. Testing of colostrum from individual cows with a Brix refractometer is advocated for the selection of colostrum for feeding newborn calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Denholm
- a Anexa FVC , 1126 Gordonton Road, Taupiri 3791 , New Zealand
| | - S McDougall
- b Cognosco , 25 Moorhouse Street, Morrinsville 3340 , New Zealand
| | - G Chambers
- c Zoetis NZ Ltd ., Level 5, 8 Mahuhu Crescent, Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - W Clough
- c Zoetis NZ Ltd ., Level 5, 8 Mahuhu Crescent, Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
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Denholm KS, Hunnam JC, Cuttance EL, McDougall S. Associations between management practices and colostrum quality on New Zealand dairy farms. N Z Vet J 2017. [PMID: 28627316 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2017.1342575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To describe colostrum quality in spring-calving dairy herds in New Zealand, in terms of Brix, pH and total and coliform bacterial counts and to investigate associations between farm management practices and these measures of colostrum quality. METHODS In June 2015, commercial dairy farms (n=105), located in North and South Islands of New Zealand, were visited shortly after the first cows had calved, and when approximately 50% and 80% of the herd had calved (early, middle and late visits). One litre of pooled colostrum that was being fed to newborn calves was collected at each visit and used to determine Brix, pH, total bacterial and coliform counts. A survey of calf management practices was conducted with the herd manager or calf rearer after the final visit. RESULTS Of 298 pooled colostrum samples tested 29/298 (9.7%) had Brix >22%. Brix was higher on farms where calves were picked up twice daily compared with once daily (18.2 (95% CI=16.5-19.9)% vs. 15.9% (95% CI=15.2-16.6)%; p=0.012), and was lower where first milking colostrum was combined with colostrum obtained at later milkings (15.0 (95% CI=13.9-16.1)%) compared with where it was not (16.9 (95% CI=16.3-17.6)%; p=0.002). Vaccination of all cows against calf diarrhoeal pathogens was associated with increased Brix compared with no vaccination (18.1 (95% CI=16.6-19.6)% vs. 16.3 (95% CI=15.6-17.0)%; p=0.033). Mean pH of samples tested decreased from 5.97 (95% CI=5.84-6.09) to 5.58 (95% CI=5.45-5.71) for early and late-season visits, respectively (p<0.001). Of 268 samples tested, 23 (8.6%) had bacterial counts below the recommended threshold of 1.00×105 cfu/mL. Mean bacterial counts increased from 2.75 (95% CI=1.80-3.70)×108 to 4.99 (95% CI=3.95-6.03)×108 cfu/mL for early and late-season visits, respectively (p<0.001). Of 259 samples tested, 23 (8.9%) had coliform counts below the recommended threshold of 1.00×104 cfu/mL. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE On a large majority of dairy farms included in this study the pooled colostrum fed to newborn calves had sub-optimal Brix and excessive bacterial counts. Farm-level risk factors such as twice daily pick up of calves from the paddocks, herd vaccination and feeding pooled colostrum that did not combine colostrum obtained at later milkings with first milking colostrum were associated with colostrum quality measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Denholm
- a Anexa FVC , 1126 Gordonton Road, Gordonton , New Zealand
| | - J C Hunnam
- b Cognosco , 25 Moorhouse Street, Morrinsville , New Zealand
| | - E L Cuttance
- c VetEnt , 49 Benson Road, Te Awamutu 3800 , New Zealand
| | - S McDougall
- b Cognosco , 25 Moorhouse Street, Morrinsville , New Zealand
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