1
|
Uehara S, Suemizu H, Yamazaki H. Cytochrome P450s in chimeric mice with humanized liver. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 95:307-328. [PMID: 35953159 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric mice with humanized livers (humanized liver mice) are attractive experimental animal models for drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies. The "humanized liver" is a mature and functional liver with zonal position-specific expressions of human cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes and a global gene expression pattern consistent with that of the mature human liver. Most P450-dependent drug oxidation activities were comparable between microsomes from livers of human and humanized liver mice based on similar expression levels of human P450 enzymes; however, some differences were observed between the two species, including considerable variations in activities of bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation and propafenone 4'-hydroxylation. Human disproportionate and/or unique metabolites of P450 substrate drugs were produced in humanized liver mice. Plasma concentration profiles of typical P450 substrate drugs in humans could be extrapolated from the corresponding data in humanized liver mice using simplified physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Drug-drug interaction-mediated hepatic human CYP3A/2C induction by rifampicin (a human pregnane X receptor agonist) was observed in humanized liver mice. The major role of human CYP2C9 in in vivo diclofenac 4'-hydroxylation were determined using human CYP2C9-inactivated chimeric mice using a mechanism-based inhibitor, tienilic acid. Overall, based on the functional characteristics of hepatic human P450 enzymes, humanized liver mice are valuable experimental animals for studying metabolite profiling, pharmacokinetics, and drug interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Uehara
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Y, Zhang J, Xu Q, Wang Y, Wu W, Wang W, Li X, Zhang T. Simultaneous Determination of Loratadine and Its Metabolite Desloratadine in Beagle Plasma by LC-MS/MS and Application for Pharmacokinetics Study of Loratadine Tablets and Omeprazole‑Induced Drug-Drug Interaction. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 15:5109-5122. [PMID: 34992347 PMCID: PMC8711562 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s328106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Loratadine (LTD) is a Biopharmaceutical Classification System II basic drug with pH-sensitive aqueous solubility and dissolution is a speed-limiting step of its absorption. The drug dissolution and the gastrointestinal tract pH conditions are likely to influence the in vivo pharmacokinetic behavior of LTD tablets. Materials and Method A rapid, sensitive, and reliable bioanalytical method for simultaneous quantitation of LTD and its active metabolite desloratadine (DL) in beagle plasma was developed and validated based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Sample preparation in low plasma consumption was accomplished by liquid–liquid extraction. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Phenomenex Kinetex C8 column using acetonitrile and 5 mM ammonium formate as the mobile phase. A comparative pharmacokinetics study of three LTD tablets with different dissolution rates was conducted in male beagles in fasting state and an omeprazole-induced drug–drug interaction (DDI) study was subsequently performed under pretreatment of omeprazole. Results and Conclusion The method showed a good linear correlation over the concentration ranges of 0.008–24 ng/mL for LTD and 0.8–800 ng/mL for DL, and was successfully applied to analyze the two compounds in beagle plasma. Pharmacokinetic results showed in the fasting state the three LTD tablets were equivalent in beagles in terms of effective components. DL of the three tablets were equivalent, indicating metabolite was less susceptible to pharmaceutic preparation factors for LTD tablets in beagles. Moreover, significant changes in LTD and DL pharmacokinetics parameters were observed under the effect of omeprazole-induced pH increase in gastrointestinal tract, suggesting that DDI effects are of concern for the curative effect of LTD when combined with omeprazole. The findings will contribute to the future pharmaceutical preparations research as well as the clinical application of LTD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuchi Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenying Wu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Truong VL, Jun M, Jeong WS. Phytochemical and Over-The-Counter Drug Interactions: Involvement of Phase I and II Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Phase III Transporters. J Med Food 2021; 24:786-805. [PMID: 34382862 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.k.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of plant-derived natural products and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs is increasing on a global scale, and studies of phytochemical-OTC drug interactions are becoming more significant. The intake of dietary plants and herbs rich in phytochemicals may affect drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporters. These effects may lead to alterations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of OTC drugs when concomitantly administered. Some phytochemical-drug interactions benefit patients through enhanced efficacy, but many interactions cause adverse effects. This review discusses possible mechanisms of phytochemical-OTC drug interactions mediated by phase I and II DMEs and phase III transporters. In addition, current information is summarized for interactions between phytochemicals derived from fruits, vegetables, and herbs and OTC drugs, and counseling is provided on appropriate and safe use of OTC drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Van-Long Truong
- Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mira Jun
- Brain Busan 21 Plus Program, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Graduate School, Center for Silver-Targeted Biomaterials, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Woo-Sik Jeong
- Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Y, Lu Y, Wang L, Tian Y, Zhang Z. Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Loratadine, Desloratadine and Their Active Metabolites in Rat based on a Newly Developed LC-MS/MS Analytical Method. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2020; 70:528-540. [PMID: 32877950 DOI: 10.1055/a-1233-5575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Loratadine (LOR) and its major metabolite, desloratadine (DL) are new-generation antihistamines. The hydroxylated metabolites of them, 6-OH-DL, 5-OH-DL and 3-OH-DL are also active because of their ability to inhibit binding of pyrilamine to brain H1 receptors and a tendency for distributing to specific immune-regulatory tissues. In this study, a new validated LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously quantify LOR, DL, 6-OH-DL, 5-OH-DL and 3-OH-DL in plasma and tissues was established and applied to an investigation of their pharmacokinetics and target-tissue distribution tendency for the first time. Pharmacokinetics parameters in rat were measured and the results suggest that the body's exposure to active metabolites were much higher than to the prodrug with LOR, but much lower with DL. The tissue distribution study shows that LOR, DL and their active metabolites were widely distributed in the liver, spleen, thymus, heart, adrenal glands and pituitary gland. For immune-regulatory tissues, the concentrations of LOR, DL and their active metabolites in the spleen were much higher than in the thymus, which is related to the spleen, one of the sites where immune responses occur. LOR and its metabolites might inhibit immune-mediated allergic inflammation through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. It was also found that the concentration of LOR in the heart was highest after liver and adrenal glands while those of DL, 6-OH-DL and 5-OH-DL in the liver, adrenal glands and spleen were all higher than those in the heart, which suggests that LOR may have a greater tendency to distribute in the heart than its metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yihua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zunjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stone EA, Cutrona KJ, Miller SJ. Asymmetric Catalysis upon Helically Chiral Loratadine Analogues Unveils Enantiomer-Dependent Antihistamine Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12690-12698. [PMID: 32579347 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of the conformationally dynamic Claritin (loratadine) and Clarinex (desloratadine) scaffolds have been enantio- and chemoselectively N-oxidized using an aspartic acid containing peptide catalyst to afford stable, helically chiral products in up to >99:1 er. The conformational dynamics and enantiomeric stability of the N-oxide products have been investigated experimentally and computationally with the aid of crystallographic data. Furthermore, biological assays show that rigidifying the core structure of loratadine and related analogues through N-oxidation affects antihistamine activity in an enantiomer-dependent fashion. Computational docking studies illustrate the observed activity differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Kara J Cutrona
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Scott J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Uehara S, Yoneda N, Higuchi Y, Yamazaki H, Suemizu H. Metabolism of desloratadine by chimeric TK-NOG mice transplanted with human hepatocytes. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:733-740. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1688892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Uehara
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Nao Yoneda
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chacko SA, Ly VT, Christopher LJ, Gan J. Hepatocyte spheroids as a viable in vitro model for recapitulation of complex in vivo metabolism pathways of loratadine in humans. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:621-629. [PMID: 31566996 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1675100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of in vivo metabolic pathways in humans can be challenging because in vitro liver matrices may fail to produce certain in vivo metabolites.Rat and human spheroids, generated from cryopreserved hepatocytes in media that contained minimal amount of serum, maintained morphology, viability and cytochrome P450 (CYP) activities for at least a week without media exchange.With spheroid cultures, multiple Phase I and Phase II metabolites were observed in rat and human spheroid cultures that were incubated with loratadine (LOR) for multiple days. Consistent with in vivo observations, 3-hydroxydesloratadine, (3-OH-DL), along with its glucuronide, were observed in human spheroids, but not in rat spheroids. Interestingly, the putative intermediate metabolite leading to 3-OH-DL, DL-N-glucuronide, was observed in incubations with both rat and human spheroids. In conclusion, hepatocyte spheroid were capable of recapitulating the inter-species differences in metabolism between human and rat for LOR, therefore, it may represent a viable model for studying complex metabolic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvi A Chacko
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Van T Ly
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Lisa J Christopher
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jinping Gan
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Folwarczna J, Konarek N, Freier K, Karbowniczek D, Londzin P, Janas A. Effects of loratadine, a histamine H 1 receptor antagonist, on the skeletal system of young male rats. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:3357-3367. [PMID: 31576110 PMCID: PMC6767469 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s215337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Histamine H1 receptor antagonists are widely used in the treatment of allergic diseases. H1 receptors are expressed on bone cells and histamine takes part in regulation of bone metabolism. Loratadine is often prescribed to children. Purpose The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of loratadine on the skeletal system of young rats. Material and methods Loratadine (0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg p.o. daily) was administered for 4 weeks to male Wistar rats, 6-week-old at the start of the experiment. Bone mass, mass of bone mineral, calcium, and phosphorus content in the bone mineral of the tibia, femur, and L-4 vertebra, histomorphometric parameters of the femur, mechanical properties of the proximal tibial metaphysis, femoral diaphysis and femoral neck, and serum levels of bone turnover markers were examined. Results Loratadine at 0.5 and 5 mg/kg did not significantly affect the skeletal system of young rats. At 50 mg/kg, loratadine decreased the femoral length, increased content of calcium and phosphorus in the bone mineral of the vertebra, and tended to improve mechanical properties of the tibial metaphysis. Conclusion High-dose loratadine slightly but significantly affected development of the skeletal system in rapidly growing rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Folwarczna
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
| | - Natalia Konarek
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
| | - Karolina Freier
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
| | - Dawid Karbowniczek
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
| | - Piotr Londzin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Janas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schmid Y, Navarini A, Thomas ZRM, Pfleiderer B, Krähenbühl S, Mueller SM. Sex differences in the pharmacology of itch therapies-a narrative review. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 46:122-142. [PMID: 31299512 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic itch is the most common skin-related condition, associated with a high psychosocial and economic burden. In recent years, increasing evidence of sex differences in the perception, clinical presentation and treatment requirements of itch points towards potential benefits when using sex-adapted therapies. It is well-known that body composition, absorption, metabolism, elimination and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) differ between sexes, but only little is known about the impact of sex in the pharmacology of itch treatments, which could help to rationalise sex-adapted treatment strategies. AIM To evaluate and review sex effects in the pharmacokinetics and /-dynamics of drugs used to treat itch. METHODS In this narrative review we performed a PubMed and MEDLINE (Ovid) search using the terms (itch OR pruritus) AND (gender OR sex) AND (drug OR medication OR pharmacokinetics OR pharmacodynamics). Additional searches were performed for the topical and systemic drugs recommended by the European Guideline on Chronic Pruritus. RESULTS We found numerous reports with variable levels of evidence of sex effects with respect to the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of 14 drug classes used for the treatment of itch, including a total of 19 systemic and 3 topical drugs. Women seem to present higher plasma levels of several drugs used in itch treatment, including tri- and tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g. doxepin, amitriptyline, mirtazapine), serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g. paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine), immunosuppressive drugs (e.g. cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil), serotonin receptor antagonists (e.g. ondansetron) and betablockers (e.g. propranolol). Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were generally more common in women. Being female was reported to be an independent risk factor for QTc-prolongation associated with antihistamines and tetracyclic antidepressants. Additionally, women seem to be more prone to sedative effects of antihistamines, and to suffer from a higher frequency as well as severity of side effects with systemic calcineurin inhibitors, opioid agonists, and opioid antagonists. Women were also sensitised more often to topically applied drugs. Of note, apart from only one experimental study with capsaicin, none of these reports were designed specifically to assess the effect of sex (and gender) in the treatment of itch. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Our review supports previous reports that sex is of importance in the pharmacokinetics and /-dynamics of several drugs used to treat itch although those drugs were mostly evaluated for non-itch indications. However, the results are limited by methodological limitations evident in most studies such as underrepresentation of women in clinical trials. This emphasises the need to study the impact of sex (and gender) in future itch trials to yield better outcomes and prevent ADRs in both sexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Schmid
- Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Bettina Pfleiderer
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster and Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Germany; Competence Center Chronic Pruritus (KCP), University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon M Mueller
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang M, Han J, Domenico J, Shin YS, Jia Y, Gelfand EW. Combined blockade of the histamine H1 and H4 receptor suppresses peanut-induced intestinal anaphylaxis by regulating dendritic cell function. Allergy 2016; 71:1561-1574. [PMID: 27059534 DOI: 10.1111/all.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signaling through histamine receptors on dendritic cells (DCs) may be involved in the effector phase of peanut-induced intestinal anaphylaxis. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine the role of histamine H1 (H1R) and H4 receptors (H4R) in intestinal allergic responses in a model of peanut allergy. METHODS Balb/c mice were sensitized and challenged with peanut. During the challenge phase, mice were treated orally with the H1R antagonist, loratadine, and/or the H4R antagonist, JNJ7777120. Bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) were adoptively transferred to nonsensitized WT mice. Symptoms, intestinal inflammation, and mesenteric lymph node and intestine mucosal DCs were assessed. Effects of the drugs on DC chemotaxis, calcium mobilization, and antigen-presenting cell function were measured. RESULTS Treatment with loratadine or JNJ7777120 individually partially suppressed the development of diarrhea and intestinal inflammation and decreased the numbers of DCs in the mesenteric lymph nodes and lamina propria. Combined treatment with both drugs prevented the development of diarrhea and intestinal inflammation. In vitro, the combination suppressed DC antigen-presenting cell function to T helper cells and DC calcium mobilization and chemotaxis to histamine. CONCLUSION Blockade of both H1R and H4R in the challenge phase had additive effects in preventing the intestinal consequences of peanut sensitization and challenge. These effects were mediated through the limitation of mesenteric lymph node and intestinal DC accumulation and function. Identification of this histamine H1R/H4R-DC-CD4+ T-cell axis provides new insights into the development of peanut-induced intestinal allergic responses and for prevention and treatment of peanut allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Wang
- Division of Cell Biology; Department of Pediatrics; National Jewish Health; Denver CO USA
| | - J. Han
- Division of Cell Biology; Department of Pediatrics; National Jewish Health; Denver CO USA
| | - J. Domenico
- Division of Cell Biology; Department of Pediatrics; National Jewish Health; Denver CO USA
| | - Y. S. Shin
- Division of Cell Biology; Department of Pediatrics; National Jewish Health; Denver CO USA
| | - Y. Jia
- Division of Cell Biology; Department of Pediatrics; National Jewish Health; Denver CO USA
| | - E. W. Gelfand
- Division of Cell Biology; Department of Pediatrics; National Jewish Health; Denver CO USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Advances in high-resolution MS and hepatocyte models solve a long-standing metabolism challenge: the loratadine story. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1645-62. [PMID: 27460981 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loratadine (LOR, Claritin(®)) is a long-acting antihistamine used to treat allergic rhinitis. The major active human metabolite, desloratadine (DL, Clarinex(®)), is extensively metabolized to 3-hydroxydesloratadine (3-OH-DL) (M40) and subsequently glucuronidated before elimination. This study revealed the ability of a novel, long-term hepatocyte micropatterned co-culture (MPCC) model to generate in vivo metabolites. Metabolites were detected and characterized using non-targeted MS/MS(ALL) with SWATH™ acquisition by a UHPLC-Q-TOF system. Results & methodology: Human MPCCs extensively metabolized LOR and formed 3-OH-DL-glucuronide (M13). Cross-species comparisons revealed monkey- and rat-specific metabolites with gender-specific DL-pyridine-N-oxide formation in male rats. These results demonstrate a first for an in vitro hepatocyte model to generate circulating metabolites of LOR and detect species-specific differences. Early focus on human metabolites could have spared characterization of nonhuman metabolites in preclinical species.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kazmi F, Barbara JE, Yerino P, Parkinson A. A Long-Standing Mystery Solved: The Formation of 3-Hydroxydesloratadine Is Catalyzed by CYP2C8 But Prior Glucuronidation of Desloratadine by UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 2B10 Is an Obligatory Requirement. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:523-33. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.062620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
|
13
|
Ponnuru VS, Challa BR, Nadendla R. Quantification of desloratadine in human plasma by LC-ESI-MS/MS and application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Anal 2012; 2:180-187. [PMID: 29403740 PMCID: PMC5760887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, sensitive, and specific liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the quantification of desloratadine (DL) in human plasma using desloratadine-d5 (DLD5) as an internal standard (IS). Chromatographic separation was performed using an Xbridge C18 column (50 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) with an isocratic mobile phase composed of 10 mM ammonium formate: methanol (20:80, v/v), at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. DL and DLD5 were detected with proton adducts at m/z 311.2→259.2 and 316.2→264.3 in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) positive modes, respectively. Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) method was used to extract the drug and the IS. The method was validated over a linear concentration range of 5.0–5000.0 pg/mL with a correlation coefficient of (r2)≥0.9994. This method demonstrated intra- and inter-day precision within 0.7–2.0% and 0.7–2.7%, and an accuracy within 101.4–102.4%, and 99.5–104.8%. DL was found to be stable throughout the freeze–thaw cycles, bench-top, and postoperative stability studies. This method was successfully applied in the analysis of plasma samples following oral administration of DL (5 mg) in 35 healthy Indian male human volunteers under fasting conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Suresh Ponnuru
- Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522034, India.,Krishna University, Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh 521001, India
| | - B R Challa
- Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh 516002, India
| | - Ramarao Nadendla
- Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522034, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vacondio F, Silva C, Mor M, Testa B. Qualitative structure-metabolism relationships in the hydrolysis of carbamates. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 42:551-89. [PMID: 20441444 DOI: 10.3109/03602531003745960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this review were 1) to compile a large number of reliable literature data on the metabolic hydrolysis of medicinal carbamates and 2) to extract from such data a qualitative relation between molecular structure and lability to metabolic hydrolysis. The compounds were classified according to the nature of their substituents (R³OCONR¹R²), and a metabolic lability score was calculated for each class. A trend emerged, such that the metabolic lability of carbamates decreased (i.e., their metabolic stability increased), in the following series: Aryl-OCO-NHAlkyl >> Alkyl-OCO-NHAlkyl ~ Alkyl-OCO-N(Alkyl)₂ ≥ Alkyl-OCO-N(endocyclic) ≥ Aryl-OCO-N(Alkyl)₂ ~ Aryl-OCO-N(endocyclic) ≥ Alkyl-OCO-NHAryl ~ Alkyl-OCO-NHAcyl >> Alkyl-OCO-NH₂ > Cyclic carbamates. This trend should prove useful in the design of carbamates as drugs or prodrugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Vacondio
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Furlong MT, Wujcik CE, Ji C, Su Y. Identifying and overcoming bioanalytical challenges associated with chlorine-containing dehydrogenation metabolites. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:3092-3102. [PMID: 20941755 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is a widely utilized analytical tool for quantifying small molecules in complex biological matrices. In certain situations the mass-selection capabilities of the tandem mass spectrometer may be insufficient to discriminate between the analyte of interest and its metabolites, particularly those metabolites that are isobaric with the analyte. One scenario by which isobaric interference may occur is the metabolism of a chlorine- or bromine-containing small molecule to a metabolite with the concomitant loss of 2 Da. This report describes the detection and characterization of two distinct dehydrogenation [M-2] metabolites during LC/MS/MS quantification of a chlorinated small molecule in rat plasma samples derived from a toxicokinetic study. The potential isotope-related impact of these metabolites on quantification of the parent compound was assessed. Several alternate precursor ion and product ion combinations were evaluated and shown to minimize the quantitative impact of the interfering metabolites without having to rely on their stringent chromatographic resolution from the parent compound. These results indicate that when quantifying chlorine- or bromine-containing small molecules from in vivo samples or in vitro metabolic incubations: (1) efforts to detect potential dehydrogenation metabolites should be undertaken and (2) if such metabolites are detected, the judicious choice of alternate multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions can limit their impact on quantification of the parent molecule without the need for robust chromatographic resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Furlong
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Miura M, Hori W, Kasahara Y, Nakagawa I. Quantitative assessment of the metabolic activation of alicyclic amines via aldehyde. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 61:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
17
|
Dridi D, Ben‐Attia M, Sani M, Djebli N, Sauvage FL, Boughattas NA. Circadian Time‐Effect of Orally Administered Loratadine on Plasma Pharmacokinetics in Mice. Chronobiol Int 2009; 25:533-47. [DOI: 10.1080/07420520802257646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
18
|
Picard N, Dridi D, Sauvage FL, Boughattas NA, Marquet P. General unknown screening procedure for the characterization of human drug metabolites: Application to loratadine phase I metabolism. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2209-17. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
19
|
Ramanathan R, Reyderman L, Kulmatycki K, Su AD, Alvarez N, Chowdhury SK, Alton KB, Wirth MA, Clement RP, Statkevich P, Patrick JE. Disposition of loratadine in healthy volunteers. Xenobiotica 2008; 37:753-69. [PMID: 17620221 DOI: 10.1080/00498250701463317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The absorption, metabolism and excretion of carbon-14-labeled loratadine (LOR, SCH 29851, Claritin) administered orally to healthy male volunteers were evaluated. Following a single oral 10-mg dose of [(14)C]LOR ( approximately 102 microCi), concentrations of LOR and desloratadine (DL; a pharmacologically active descarboethoxy metabolite of LOR) were determined in plasma. Metabolites in plasma, urine and feces were characterized using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system (LC-MS) connected in line with a flow scintillation analyzer (FSA). Maximum plasma LOR and DL concentrations were achieved at 1.5 h and 1.6 h, respectively; thus, LOR was rapidly absorbed but also rapidly metabolized as indicated by these similar t(max) values. Metabolite profiles of plasma showed that LOR was extensively metabolized via descarboethoxylation, oxidation and glucuronidation. Major circulating metabolites included 3-hydroxy-desloratadine glucuonide (3-OH-DL-Glu), dihydroxy-DL-glucuronides, and several metabolites resulting from descarboethoxylation and oxidation of the piperidine ring. LOR was completely metabolized by 6 h post-dose. LOR-derived radiocarbon was excreted almost equally in the urine (41%) and feces (43%). About 13% of the dose was eliminated in the urine as 3-OH-DL-Glu. DL accounted for less than 2% of the dose recovered in the urine and only trace amounts of LOR were detected. 3-OH-DL was the major fecal metabolite ( approximately 17% of the dose). The combined amount of 5- and 6-hydroxy-DL contributed to an additional 10.7% of the dose in feces. Approximately 5.4% and 2.7% of the dose were excreted in the feces as unchanged drug and DL, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Ramanathan
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ramanathan R, Reyderman L, Su AD, Alvarez N, Chowdhury SK, Alton KB, Wirth MA, Clement RP, Statkevich P, Patrick JE. Disposition of desloratadine in healthy volunteers. Xenobiotica 2008; 37:770-87. [PMID: 17620222 DOI: 10.1080/00498250701463325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The absorption, metabolism and excretion of desloratadine (DL, Clarinex) were characterized in six healthy male volunteers. Subjects received a single oral 10-mg dose of [(14)C]DL ( approximately 104 microCi). Blood, urine and feces were collected over 240 h. DL was well absorbed; drug-derived radioactivity was excreted in both urine (41%) and feces (47%). With the exception of a single subject, DL was extensively metabolized; the major biotransformation pathway consisted of hydroxylation at the 3 position of the pyridine ring and subsequent glucuronidation (3-OH-DL-glucuronide or M13). In five of the six subjects, DL was slowly eliminated (mean t((1/2)) = 19.5 h) and persisted in the plasma for 48-120 h post-dose. This is in contrast to a t((1/2)) of approximately 110 h and quantifiable plasma DL concentrations for the entire 240-h sampling period in one subject, who was identified phenotypically as a poor metabolizer of DL. This subject also exhibited correspondingly lower amounts of M13 in urine and 3-OH-DL (M40) in feces. Disposition of DL in this subject was characterized by slow absorption, slow metabolism and prolonged elimination. Further clinical studies confirmed the lack of safety issues associated with polymorphism of DL metabolism (Prenner et al. 2006, Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 5: 211-223).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Ramanathan
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ramanathan R, Zhong R, Blumenkrantz N, Chowdhury SK, Alton KB. Response normalized liquid chromatography nanospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2007; 18:1891-9. [PMID: 17766144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The widely different LC-MS response observed for many structurally different compounds limits the use of LC-MS in full scan detection mode for quantitative determination of drugs and metabolites without using reference standard. The recently introduced nanospray ionization (NSI) technique shows comparable MS response for some compounds under non-LC-MS conditions. However, in the presence of numerous endogenous compounds commonly associated with biological samples such as urine, plasma, and bile, LC-MS is required to separate, detect, identify, and measure individual analytes. An LC-NSI-MS system was devised and the MS response obtained in this system for a variety of pharmaceutical drugs and their metabolites. The set-up involves two high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems, a chip-based NSI source and a quadrupole-time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer. Herein this is referred to as the response normalized-liquid chromatography NSI-MS (RNLC-NSI-MS) system. One HPLC unit performs the analytical separation, while the other unit adds solvent post-column with an exact reverse of the mobile phase composition such that the final composition entering the NSI source is isocratic throughout the entire HPLC run. The data obtained from four different structural classes of compounds [vicriviroc (VCV), desloratadine (DL), tolbutamide, and cocaine] and their metabolites indicate that by maintaining the solvent composition unchanged across the HPLC run, the influence of the solvent environment on the ionization efficiency is minimized. In comparison to responses obtained from radiochromatograms, responses from conventional LC-ESI-MS overestimated the VCV and DL responses, respectively, by 6- and 20-fold. Although VCV and DL responses obtained using LC-NSI-MS are within 2- to 6-fold from the respective radiochromatographic responses, the response normalization modification results in nearly uniform LC-NSI-MS response for all compounds evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ragu Ramanathan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Testa B, Krämer SD. The biochemistry of drug metabolism--an introduction: Part 2. Redox reactions and their enzymes. Chem Biodivers 2007; 4:257-405. [PMID: 17372942 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200790032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review continues a general presentation of the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics started in a recent issue of Chemistry & Biodiversity. This Part 2 presents the numerous oxidoreductases involved, their nomenclature, relevant biochemical properties, catalytic mechanisms, and the very diverse reactions they catalyze. Many medicinally, environmentally, and toxicologically relevant examples are presented and discussed. Cytochromes P450 occupy a majority of the pages of Part 2, but a large number of relevant oxidoreductases are also considered, e.g., flavin-containing monooxygenases, amine oxidases, molybdenum hydroxylases, peroxidases, and the innumerable dehydrogenases/reductases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Testa
- Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital Centre (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon, CH-1011 Lausanne.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chapter 10 Oxidative metabolites of drugs and xenobiotics: lc-ms methods to identify and characterize in biological matrices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1464-3456(05)80012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|