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Manevski N, King L, Pitt WR, Lecomte F, Toselli F. Metabolism by Aldehyde Oxidase: Drug Design and Complementary Approaches to Challenges in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10955-10994. [PMID: 31385704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) catalyzes oxidations of azaheterocycles and aldehydes, amide hydrolysis, and diverse reductions. AO substrates are rare among marketed drugs, and many candidates failed due to poor pharmacokinetics, interspecies differences, and adverse effects. As most issues arise from complex and poorly understood AO biology, an effective solution is to stop or decrease AO metabolism. This perspective focuses on rational drug design approaches to modulate AO-mediated metabolism in drug discovery. AO biological aspects are also covered, as they are complementary to chemical design and important when selecting the experimental system for risk assessment. The authors' recommendation is an early consideration of AO-mediated metabolism supported by computational and in vitro experimental methods but not an automatic avoidance of AO structural flags, many of which are versatile and valuable building blocks. Preferably, consideration of AO-mediated metabolism should be part of the multiparametric drug optimization process, with the goal to improve overall drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Manevski
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Lloyd King
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - William R Pitt
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Fabien Lecomte
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Toselli
- UCB BioPharma , Chemin du Foriest 1 , 1420 Braine-l'Alleud , Belgium
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Adusumalli S, Jamwal R, Obach RS, Ryder TF, Leggio L, Akhlaghi F. Role of Molybdenum-Containing Enzymes in the Biotransformation of the Novel Ghrelin Receptor Inverse Agonist PF-5190457: A Reverse Translational Bed-to-Bench Approach. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:874-882. [PMID: 31182423 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
(R)-2-(2-methylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazol-6-yl)-1-(2-(5-(6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-7-yl)ethan-1-one (PF-5190457) was identified as a potent and selective inverse agonist of the ghrelin receptor [growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a)]. The present translational bed-to-bench work characterizes the biotransformation of this compound in vivo and then further explores in vitro metabolism in fractions of human liver and primary hepatocytes. Following oral administration of PF-5190457 in a phase 1b clinical study, hydroxyl metabolites of the compound were observed, including one that had not been observed in previously performed human liver microsomal incubations. PF-6870961 was biosynthesized using liver cytosol, and the site of hydroxylation was shown to be on the pyrimidine using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The aldehyde oxidase (AO) inhibitor raloxifene and the xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat inhibited the formation of PF-6870961 in human liver cytosol, suggesting both enzymes were involved in the metabolism of the drug. However, greater inhibition was observed with raloxifene, indicating AO is a dominant enzyme in the biotransformation. The intrinsic clearance of the drug in human liver cytosol was estimated to be 0.002 ml/min per milligram protein. This study provides important novel information at three levels: 1) it provides additional new information on the recently developed novel compound PF-5190457, the first GHS-R1a blocker that has moved to development in humans; 2) it provides an example of a reverse translational approach where a discovery in humans was brought back, validated, and further investigated at the bench level; and 3) it demonstrates the importance of considering the molybdenum-containing oxidases during the development of new drug entities. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: PF-5190457 is a novel ghrelin receptor inverse agonist that is currently undergoing clinical development for treatment of alcohol use disorder. PF-6870961, a major hydroxyl metabolite of the compound, was observed in human plasma, but was absent in human liver microsomal incubations. PF-6870961 was biosynthesized using liver cytosol, and the site of hydroxylation on the pyrimidine ring was characterized. Inhibitors of aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase inhibited the formation of PF-6870961 in human liver cytosol, suggesting both enzymes were involved in the metabolism of the drug. This information is important for patient selection in subsequent clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravani Adusumalli
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island (S.A., R.J., F.A.); Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., T.F.R.); Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland (L.L.); Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L.); and Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (L.L.)
| | - Rohitash Jamwal
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island (S.A., R.J., F.A.); Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., T.F.R.); Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland (L.L.); Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L.); and Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (L.L.)
| | - R Scott Obach
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island (S.A., R.J., F.A.); Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., T.F.R.); Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland (L.L.); Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L.); and Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (L.L.)
| | - Tim F Ryder
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island (S.A., R.J., F.A.); Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., T.F.R.); Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland (L.L.); Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L.); and Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (L.L.)
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island (S.A., R.J., F.A.); Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., T.F.R.); Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland (L.L.); Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L.); and Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (L.L.)
| | - Fatemeh Akhlaghi
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island (S.A., R.J., F.A.); Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., T.F.R.); Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland (L.L.); Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L.); and Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (L.L.)
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Ballard TE, Wang S, Cox LM, Moen MA, Krzyzewski S, Ukairo O, Obach RS. Application of a Micropatterned Cocultured Hepatocyte System To Predict Preclinical and Human-Specific Drug Metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 44:172-9. [PMID: 26608083 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.066688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory animal models are the industry standard for preclinical risk assessment of drug candidates. Thus, it is important that these species possess profiles of drug metabolites that are similar to those anticipated in human, since metabolites also could be responsible for biologic activities or unanticipated toxicity. Under most circumstances, preclinical species reflect human in vivo metabolites well; however, there have been several notable exceptions, and understanding and predicting these exceptions with an in vitro system would be very useful. Human micropatterned cocultured (MPCC) hepatocytes have been shown to recapitulate human in vivo qualitative metabolic profiles, but the same demonstration has not been performed yet for laboratory animal species. In this study, we investigated several compounds that are known to produce human-unique metabolites through CYP2C9, UGT1A4, aldehyde oxidase (AO), or N-acetyltransferase that were poorly covered or not detected at all in the selected preclinical species. To perform our investigation we used 24-well MPCC hepatocyte plates having three individual human donors and a single donor each of monkey, dog, and rat to study drug metabolism at four time points per species. Through the use of the multispecies MPCC hepatocyte system, the metabolite profiles of the selected compounds in human donors effectively captured the qualitative in vivo metabolite profile with respect to the human metabolite of interest. Human-unique metabolites that were not detected in vivo in certain preclinical species (normally dog and rat) were also not generated in the corresponding species in vitro, confirming that the MPCC hepatocytes can provide an assessment of preclinical species metabolism. From these results, we conclude that multispecies MPCC hepatocyte plates could be used as an effective in vitro tool for preclinical understanding of species metabolism relative to humans and aid in the choice of appropriate preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Eric Ballard
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (T.E.B., S.W., L.M.C., M.A.M., R.S.O.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (S.K., O.U.),
| | - Shuai Wang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (T.E.B., S.W., L.M.C., M.A.M., R.S.O.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (S.K., O.U.)
| | - Loretta M Cox
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (T.E.B., S.W., L.M.C., M.A.M., R.S.O.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (S.K., O.U.)
| | - Mark A Moen
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (T.E.B., S.W., L.M.C., M.A.M., R.S.O.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (S.K., O.U.)
| | - Stacy Krzyzewski
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (T.E.B., S.W., L.M.C., M.A.M., R.S.O.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (S.K., O.U.)
| | - Okechukwu Ukairo
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (T.E.B., S.W., L.M.C., M.A.M., R.S.O.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (S.K., O.U.)
| | - R Scott Obach
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (T.E.B., S.W., L.M.C., M.A.M., R.S.O.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (S.K., O.U.)
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Pryde DC, Dalvie D, Hu Q, Jones P, Obach RS, Tran TD. Aldehyde Oxidase: An Enzyme of Emerging Importance in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8441-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100888d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Pryde
- WorldWide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9NJ, England
| | - Deepak Dalvie
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 10628 Science Center Drive, La Jolla, California 92121
| | - Qiyue Hu
- WorldWide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 10628 Science Center Drive, La Jolla, California 92121
| | - Peter Jones
- WorldWide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9NJ, England
| | - R. Scott Obach
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Thien-Duc Tran
- WorldWide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9NJ, England
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