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Frolova A, Ksendzov E, Kostjuk S, Efremov Y, Solovieva A, Rochev Y, Timashev P, Kotova S. Thin Thermoresponsive Polymer Films for Cell Culture: Elucidating an Unexpected Thermal Phase Behavior by Atomic Force Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11386-11396. [PMID: 34533951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Application of poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) and its more hydrophobic copolymers with N-tert-butylacrylamide (NtBA) as supports for cell sheets has been validated in numerous studies. The binary systems of these polymers with water are characterized by a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in a physiologically favorable region. Upon lowering the temperature below the LCST, PNIPAM chains undergo a globule-to-coil transition, causing the film dissolution and cell sheet detachment. The character of the PNIPAM-water miscibility behavior is rather complex and not completely understood. Here, we applied atomic force microscopy to track the phase transition in thin films of linear thermoresponsive (co)polymers (PNIPAM and PNIPAM-co-NtBA) prepared by spin-coating. We studied the films' Young's modulus, roughness, and thickness in air and in distilled water in a full thermal cycle. In dry films, in the absence of water, all the measured parameters remained invariant. The swollen films in water above the LCST were softer by 2-3 orders of magnitude and about 10 times rougher than the corresponding dry films. Upon lowering the temperature to the LCST, the films passed through the phase transition observed as a drastic drop of Young's modulus (about an order of magnitude) and decrease in roughness in both polymers in a narrow temperature range. However, the films did not lose their integrity and demonstrated almost fully reversible changes in the mechanical properties and roughness. The thermal dependence of the films' thickness confirmed that they dissolved only partially and required an external force to induce the complete destruction. The reversible thermal behavior which is generally not expected from non-cross-linked polymers is a key finding, especially with respect to their practical application in cell culture. Both the thermodynamic and kinetic factors, as well as the confinement effect, may be responsible for this peculiar film robustness, which requires overcooling and the aid of an external force to destroy the film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Frolova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgenii Ksendzov
- Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, 14 Leningradskaya Street, Minsk 220006, Belarus
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, 14 Leningradskaya Street, Minsk 220006, Belarus
| | - Sergei Kostjuk
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, 14 Leningradskaya Street, Minsk 220006, Belarus
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, 14 Leningradskaya Street, Minsk 220006, Belarus
| | - Yuri Efremov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anna Solovieva
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yuri Rochev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
- National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Svetlana Kotova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Efremov YM, Zurina IM, Presniakova VS, Kosheleva NV, Butnaru DV, Svistunov AA, Rochev YA, Timashev PS. Mechanical properties of cell sheets and spheroids: the link between single cells and complex tissues. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:541-561. [PMID: 34471438 PMCID: PMC8355304 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00821-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell aggregates, including sheets and spheroids, represent a simple yet powerful model system to study both biochemical and biophysical intercellular interactions. However, it is becoming evident that, although the mechanical properties and behavior of multicellular structures share some similarities with individual cells, yet distinct differences are observed in some principal aspects. The description of mechanical phenomena at the level of multicellular model systems is a necessary step for understanding tissue mechanics and its fundamental principles in health and disease. Both cell sheets and spheroids are used in tissue engineering, and the modulation of mechanical properties of cell constructs is a promising tool for regenerative medicine. Here, we review the data on mechanical characterization of cell sheets and spheroids, focusing both on advances in the measurement techniques and current understanding of the subject. The reviewed material suggest that interplay between the ECM, intercellular junctions, and cellular contractility determines the behavior and mechanical properties of the cell aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri M. Efremov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - Irina M. Zurina
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
- FSBSI Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315, 8 Baltiyskaya St, Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktoria S. Presniakova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nastasia V. Kosheleva
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
- FSBSI Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315, 8 Baltiyskaya St, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis V. Butnaru
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Svistunov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991, 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury A. Rochev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Peter S. Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
- Department of Polymers and Composites, N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, 119991 4 Kosygin St, Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1–3, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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Stöbener DD, Weinhart M. Thermoresponsive Poly(glycidyl ether) Brush Coatings on Various Tissue Culture Substrates-How Block Copolymer Design and Substrate Material Govern Self-Assembly and Phase Transition. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1899. [PMID: 32846926 PMCID: PMC7563243 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermoresponsive poly(glycidyl ether) brushes can be grafted to applied tissue culture substrates and used for the fabrication of primary human cell sheets. The self-assembly of such brushes is achieved via the directed physical adsorption and subsequent UV immobilization of block copolymers equipped with a short, photo-reactive benzophenone-based anchor block. Depending on the chemistry and hydrophobicity of the benzophenone anchor, we demonstrate that such block copolymers exhibit distinct thermoresponsive properties and aggregation behaviors in water. Independent on the block copolymer composition, we developed a versatile grafting-to process which allows the fabrication of poly(glycidyl ether) brushes on various tissue culture substrates from dilute aqueous-ethanolic solution. The viability of this process crucially depends on the chemistry and hydrophobicity of, both, benzophenone-based anchor block and substrate material. Utilizing these insights, we were able to manufacture thermoresponsive poly(glycidyl ether) brushes on moderately hydrophobic polystyrene and polycarbonate as well as on rather hydrophilic polyethylene terephthalate and tissue culture-treated polystyrene substrates. We further show that the temperature-dependent switchability of the brush coatings is not only dependent on the cloud point temperature of the block copolymers, but also markedly governed by the hydrophobicity of the surface-bound benzophenone anchor and the subjacent substrate material. Our findings demonstrate that the design of amphiphilic thermoresponsive block copolymers is crucial for their phase transition characteristics in solution and on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel David Stöbener
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3A, 30167 Hannover, Germany;
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3A, 30167 Hannover, Germany;
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Yang L, Fan X, Zhang J, Ju J. Preparation and Characterization of Thermoresponsive Poly( N-Isopropylacrylamide) for Cell Culture Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E389. [PMID: 32050412 PMCID: PMC7077488 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) is a typical thermoresponsive polymer used widely and studied deeply in smart materials, which is attractive and valuable owing to its reversible and remote "on-off" behavior adjusted by temperature variation. PNIPAAm usually exhibits opposite solubility or wettability across lower critical solution temperature (LCST), and it is readily functionalized making it available in extensive applications. Cell culture is one of the most prospective and representative applications. Active attachment and spontaneous detachment of targeted cells are easily tunable by surface wettability changes and volume phase transitions of PNIPAAm modified substrates with respect to ambient temperature. The thermoresponsive culture platforms and matching thermal-liftoff method can effectively substitute for the traditional cell harvesting ways like enzymatic hydrolysis and mechanical scraping, and will improve the stable and high quality of recovered cells. Therefore, the establishment and detection on PNIPAAm based culture systems are of particular importance. This review covers the important developments and recommendations for future work of the preparation and characterization of temperature-responsive substrates based on PNIPAAm and analogues for cell culture applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun 113001, China; (J.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Xiaoguang Fan
- College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun 113001, China; (J.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Jia Ju
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun 113001, China; (J.Z.); (J.J.)
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Fan Z, Nie Y, Chen Z, Xie X, Liao X, Wei Y. Construction of novel temperature-responsive hydrogel culture system based on the biomimetic method for stem cell sheet harvest. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911519841393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Temperature-responsive hydrogel culture system is considered as an ideal platform for cell sheet harvest, but its complex preparation methods and harsh reaction conditions limit its application. Inspired by the marine mussels, a biomimetic method presented here is to construct a novel temperature-responsive hydrogel culture system for stem cell sheet harvest. The tissue culture polystyrene is first modified with polydopamine coating, and then amine-terminated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) is grafted onto the coating via the Schiff base or Michael addition reaction to construct the temperature-sensitive hydrogel culture system. Then, bone marrow stromal cells are cultured on the culture system to construct cell sheets. The prepared culture system shows significant temperature-sensitive property with the grafted concentrations of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) ranging from 0.5 to 1 g/L. Meanwhile, the constructed culture system has low cytotoxicity and facilitates the stem cell adhesion, proliferation, and cell sheet formation at 37°C. When the culture system is placed in a 20°C environment, the cell sheet can be completely detached from the surface of tissue culture polystyrene without being treated with any enzymes. More importantly, the cell morphology, cell sheet thickness, and the fibril structure of the associated proteins are similar to the cells cultured on the tissue culture polystyrene without modification. The biomimetic, simple, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly preparation of the culture system enables it to be used for the harvest of cell sheet and even applied to tissue engineering for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengjie Fan
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Nie
- Institute of Sensing Technology, Gansu Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zizi Chen
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xuzhuzi Xie
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhu Liao
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Wei
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
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Bi J, Song K, Wu S, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu T. Effect of thermal-responsive surfaces based on PNIPAAm on cell adsorption/desorption. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2016.1252359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Kedong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Suli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Burns Research Group, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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Heinen S, Rackow S, Cuellar-Camacho JL, Donskyi IS, Unger WES, Weinhart M. Transfer of functional thermoresponsive poly(glycidyl ether) coatings for cell sheet fabrication from gold to glass surfaces. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:1489-1500. [PMID: 32254213 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb03263c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive polymer coatings can facilitate cell sheet fabrication under mild conditions by promoting cell adhesion and proliferation at 37 °C. At lower temperatures the detachment of confluent cell sheets is triggered without enzymatic treatment. Thus, confluent cell sheets with intact extracellular matrix for regenerative medicine or tissue engineering applications become available. Herein, we applied the previously identified structural design parameters of functional, thermoresponsive poly(glycidyl ether) brushes on gold to the more application-relevant substrate glass via the self-assembly of a corresponding block copolymer (PGE-AA) with a short surface-reactive, amine-presenting anchor block. Both, physical and covalent immobilization on glass via either multivalent ionic interactions of the anchor block with bare glass or the coupling of the anchor block to a polydopamine (PDA) adhesion layer on glass resulted in stable coatings. Atomic force microscopy revealed a high degree of roughness of covalently attached coatings on the PDA adhesion layer, while physically attached coatings on bare glass were smooth and in the brush-like regime. Cell sheets of primary human dermal fibroblasts detached reliably (86%) and within 20 ± 10 min from physically tethered PGE-AA coatings on glass when prepared under cloud point grafting conditions. The presence of the laterally inhomogeneous PDA adhesion layer, however, hindered the spontaneous temperature-triggered cell detachment from covalently grafted PGE-AA, decreasing both detachment rate and reliability. Despite being only physically attached, self-assembled monolayer brushes of PGE-AA block copolymers on glass are functional and stable thermoresponsive coatings for application in cell sheet fabrication of human fibroblasts as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Heinen
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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An investigation of cell growth and detachment from thermoresponsive physically crosslinked networks. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 159:159-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Stöbener DD, Uckert M, Cuellar-Camacho JL, Hoppensack A, Weinhart M. Ultrathin Poly(glycidyl ether) Coatings on Polystyrene for Temperature-Triggered Human Dermal Fibroblast Sheet Fabrication. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2155-2165. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel David Stöbener
- Institute of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Melanie Uckert
- Institute of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - José Luis Cuellar-Camacho
- Institute of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Hoppensack
- Institute of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institute of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Li J, Fan X, Yang L, Wang F, Zhang J, Wang Z. A review on thermoresponsive cell culture systems based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and derivatives. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2017.1327436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguang Fan
- College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhanyong Wang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, People’s Republic of China
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