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Yan H, Wang Q, Li W, Li N, Huang P, Xiao J. Injectable and biodegradable collagen-chitosan microspheres for enhanced skin regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:8757-8766. [PMID: 39140176 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00537f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Skin aging is influenced by both external environmental factors and intrinsic biological mechanisms. Traditional microsphere implants aim to rejuvenate aging skin through collagen regeneration, yet their non-biodegradability and risk of granuloma formation often limit their effectiveness. In this study, we developed novel, injectable, highly bioactive, and degradable collagen-chitosan double-crosslinked composite microspheres for skin rejuvenation. The microspheres demonstrated excellent injectability, requiring an injection force of only 0.9 N, and significant biodegradability, effectively degraded in solutions containing phosphate buffer, type I collagenase, and pepsin. In addition, the microspheres exhibited excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity, significantly promoting the proliferation, adhesion, and migration of human foreskin fibroblast-1 (HFF-1) cells. In a photoaged mouse skin model, the implantation of microspheres significantly enhanced dermal density and skin elasticity while reducing transepidermal water loss. Importantly, the implant promoted the regeneration of collagen fibers. This study suggests that collagen-chitosan double-crosslinked composite microspheres hold significant potential for skin rejuvenation treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
- Gansu Engineering Research Center of Medical Collagen, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
- Gansu Engineering Research Center of Medical Collagen, P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
- Gansu Engineering Research Center of Medical Collagen, P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
- Gansu Engineering Research Center of Medical Collagen, P. R. China
| | - Peiling Huang
- Gansu Engineering Research Center of Medical Collagen, P. R. China
- Cuiying Honors College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jianxi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
- Gansu Engineering Research Center of Medical Collagen, P. R. China
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2
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Sanchez Armengol E, Hock N, Saribal S, To D, Summonte S, Veider F, Kali G, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Laffleur F. Unveiling the potential of biomaterials and their synergistic fusion in tissue engineering. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 196:106761. [PMID: 38580169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Inspired by nature, tissue engineering aims to employ intricate mechanisms for advanced clinical interventions, unlocking inherent biological potential and propelling medical breakthroughs. Therefore, medical, and pharmaceutical fields are growing interest in tissue and organ replacement, repair, and regeneration by this technology. Three primary mechanisms are currently used in tissue engineering: transplantation of cells (I), injection of growth factors (II) and cellular seeding in scaffolds (III). However, to develop scaffolds presenting highest potential, reinforcement with polymeric materials is growing interest. For instance, natural and synthetic polymers can be used. Regardless, chitosan and keratin are two biopolymers presenting great biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-antigenic properties for tissue engineering purposes offering restoration and revitalization. Therefore, combination of chitosan and keratin has been studied and results exhibit highly porous scaffolds providing optimal environment for tissue cultivation. This review aims to give an historical as well as current overview of tissue engineering, presenting mechanisms used and polymers involved in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Sanchez Armengol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nathalie Hock
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria; ITM Isotope Technologies Munich SE, Walther-von-Dyck Str. 4, 85748, Garching bei Munich, Germany
| | - Sila Saribal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dennis To
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simona Summonte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria; ThioMatrix Forschungs- und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florina Veider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria; Sandoz, Biochemiestraße 10, 6250, Kundl, Austria
| | - Gergely Kali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Flavia Laffleur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Zhang X, Cheng F, Islam MR, Li H. The fabrication of the chitosan-based bioink for in vitro tissue repair and regeneration: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128504. [PMID: 38040155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The repair and regeneration of the injured tissues or organs is a major challenge for biomedicine, and the emerging 3D bioprinting technology as a class of promising techniques in biomedical research for the development of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Chitosan-based bioinks, as the natural biomaterials, are considered as ideal materials for 3D bioprinting to design and fabricate the various scaffold due to their unique dynamic reversibility and fantastic biological properties. Our review aims to provide an overview of chitosan-based bioinks for in vitro tissue repair and regeneration, starting from modification of chitosan that affect these bioprinting processes. In addition, we summarize the advances in chitosan-based bioinks used in the various 3D printing strategies. Moreover, the biomedical applications of chitosan-based bioinks are discussed, primarily centered on regenerative medicine and tissue modeling engineering. Finally, current challenges and future opportunities in this field are discussed. The combination of chitosan-based bioinks and 3D bioprinting will hold promise for developing novel biomedical scaffolds for tissue or organ repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, PR China
| | - Feng Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, PR China.
| | - Md Rashidul Islam
- College of Light Industry and Textile, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, PR China
| | - Hongbin Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, PR China; College of Light Industry and Textile, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, PR China.
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Mahmoudi M, Alizadeh P, Soltani M. Wound healing performance of electrospun PVA/70S30C bioactive glass/Ag nanoparticles mats decorated with curcumin: In vitro and in vivo investigations. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 153:213530. [PMID: 37356283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible fibrous scaffold containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), 70S30C bioactive glass (BG), silver (Ag) nanoparticles and curcumin (Cur) was fabricated through electrospinning method. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were employed to investigate the morphological characteristics of the scaffolds. In addition, biodegradability, hydrophilicity, and contact angle were studied as criteria for evaluating physical properties of the scaffolds. Tensile strength was reported to be 0.971 ± 0.093 MPa. Also, the viability of fibroblasts after 7 days of cell culture was 93.58 ± 1.36 %. The antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was illustrated using inhibition zones of 13.12 ± 0.69 and 14.21 ± 1.37 mm, respectively. Histological results revealed that tissue regeneration after 14 days of surgery was much higher for the dressing group compared to the blank group. According to the obtained results, the authors introduce the PVA-BG-Ag-Cur scaffold as a promising candidate for skin tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Mahmoudi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box: 14115-143, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Alizadeh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box: 14115-143, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Soltani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box: 14115-143, Tehran, Iran
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Narayanan KB, Bhaskar R, Sudhakar K, Nam DH, Han SS. Polydopamine-Functionalized Bacterial Cellulose as Hydrogel Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering. Gels 2023; 9:656. [PMID: 37623111 PMCID: PMC10454226 DOI: 10.3390/gels9080656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a natural polysaccharide polymer hydrogel produced sustainably by the strain Gluconacetobacter hansenii under static conditions. Due to their biocompatibility, easy functionalization, and necessary physicochemical and mechanical properties, BC nanocomposites are attracting interest in therapeutic applications. In this study, we functionalized BC hydrogel with polydopamine (PDA) without toxic crosslinkers and used it in skin tissue engineering. The BC nanofibers in the hydrogel had a thickness of 77.8 ± 20.3 nm, and they could be used to produce hydrophilic, adhesive, and cytocompatible composite biomaterials for skin tissue engineering applications using PDA. Characterization techniques, namely Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Raman spectroscopy, were performed to investigate the formation of polydopamine on the BC nanofibers. The XRD peaks for BC occur at 2θ = 14.65°, 16.69°, and 22.39°, which correspond to the planes of (100), (010), and (110) of cellulose type Iα. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of PDA, as indicated by the presence of bands corresponding to the vibration of aromatic rings and aliphatic C-C and C-O stretching at 1336 and 1567 cm-1, respectively. FTIR confirmed the presence of peaks corresponding to PDA and BC in the BC/PDA hydrogel scaffolds at 3673, 3348, 2900, and 1052 cm-1, indicating the successful interaction of PDA with BC nanofibers, which was further corroborated by the SEM images. The tensile strength, swelling ratio, degradation, and surface wettability characteristics of the composite BC biomaterials were also investigated. The BC/PDA hydrogels with PDA-functionalized BC nanofibers demonstrated excellent tensile strength and water-wetting ability while maintaining the stability of the BC fibers. The enhanced cytocompatibility of the BC/PDA hydrogels was studied using the PrestoBlue assay. Culturing murine NIH/3T3 fibroblasts on BC/PDA hydrogels showed higher metabolic activity and enhanced proliferation. Additionally, it improved cell viability when using BC/PDA hydrogels. Thus, these BC/PDA composite biomaterials can be used as biocompatible natural alternatives to synthetic substitutes for skin tissue engineering and wound-dressing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Badri Narayanan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea; (R.B.); (K.S.); (D.H.N.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Rakesh Bhaskar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea; (R.B.); (K.S.); (D.H.N.)
| | - Kuncham Sudhakar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea; (R.B.); (K.S.); (D.H.N.)
| | - Dong Hyun Nam
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea; (R.B.); (K.S.); (D.H.N.)
| | - Sung Soo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea; (R.B.); (K.S.); (D.H.N.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
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Wu SD, Dai NT, Liao CY, Kang LY, Tseng YW, Hsu SH. Planar-/Curvilinear-Bioprinted Tri-Cell-Laden Hydrogel for Healing Irregular Chronic Wounds. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2201021. [PMID: 35758924 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chronic cutaneous wounds from tissue trauma or extensive burns can impair skin barrier function and cause severe infection. Fabrication of a customizable tissue-engineered skin is a promising strategy for regeneration of uneven wounds. Herein, a planar-/curvilinear-bioprintable hydrogel is developed to produce tissue-engineered skin and evaluated in rat models of chronic and irregular wounds. The hydrogel is composed of biodegradable polyurethane (PU) and gelatin. The hydrogel laden with cells displays good 3D printability and structure stability. The circular wounds of normal and diabetes mellitus (DM) rats treated with planar-printed tri-cell-laden (fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs)) hydrogel demonstrate full reepithelization and dermal repair as well as large amounts of neovascularization and collagen production after 28 days. Furthermore, the curvilinear module is fabricated based on the corresponding wound topography for curvilinear-bioprinting of the irregular tissue-engineered skin. The large and irregular rat skin wounds treated with curvilinear-printed tri-cell-laden hydrogel demonstrate full repair after 28 days. This planar-/curvilinear-bioprintable tri-cell-laden hydrogel shows great potential for customized biofabrication in skin tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Da Wu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Niann-Tzyy Dai
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yaug Liao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Lan-Ya Kang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Tseng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Hui Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
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Stem Cell Technology and Skin Disorders: from Stem Cell Biology to Clinical Applications. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:1881-1882. [PMID: 35881324 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Asghari F, Rabiei Faradonbeh D, Malekshahi ZV, Nekounam H, Ghaemi B, Yousefpoor Y, Ghanbari H, Faridi-Majidi R. Hybrid PCL/chitosan-PEO nanofibrous scaffolds incorporated with A. euchroma extract for skin tissue engineering application. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 278:118926. [PMID: 34973744 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skin tissue engineering is an advanced method to repair and regenerate skin injuries. Recent research is focused on the development of scaffolds that are safe, bioactive, and cytocompatible. In this work, a new hybrid nanofibrous scaffold composed of polycaprolactone/chitosan-polyethylene oxide (PCL/Cs-PEO) incorporated with Arnebia euchroma (A. euchroma) extract were synthesized by the two-nozzle electrospinning method. Then the synthesized scaffold was characterized for morphology, sustainability, chemical structure and properties. Moreover, to verify their potential in the burn wound healing process, biodegradation rate, contact angle, swelling properties, water vapor permeability, mechanical properties, antibacterial activity and drug release profile were measured. Furthermore, cytotoxicity and biocompatibility tests were performed on human dermal fibroblasts cell line via XTT and LDH assay. It is shown that the scaffold improved and increased proliferation during in-vitro studies. Thus, results confirm the efficacy and potential of the hybrid nanofibrous scaffold for skin tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Asghari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Rabiei Faradonbeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ziba Veisi Malekshahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Houra Nekounam
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Ghaemi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Yousefpoor
- Research Center of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghanbari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Faridi-Majidi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Zhang M, Song W, Tang Y, Xu X, Huang Y, Yu D. Polymer-Based Nanofiber-Nanoparticle Hybrids and Their Medical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:351. [PMID: 35054758 PMCID: PMC8780324 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for higher-quality nanomaterials for medicinal applications continues. There are similarities between electrospun fibers and natural tissues. This property has enabled electrospun fibers to make significant progress in medical applications. However, electrospun fibers are limited to tissue scaffolding applications. When nanoparticles and nanofibers are combined, the composite material can perform more functions, such as photothermal, magnetic response, biosensing, antibacterial, drug delivery and biosensing. To prepare nanofiber and nanoparticle hybrids (NNHs), there are two primary ways. The electrospinning technology was used to produce NNHs in a single step. An alternate way is to use a self-assembly technique to create nanoparticles in fibers. This paper describes the creation of NNHs from routinely used biocompatible polymer composites. Single-step procedures and self-assembly methodologies are used to discuss the preparation of NNHs. It combines recent research discoveries to focus on the application of NNHs in drug release, antibacterial, and tissue engineering in the last two years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (M.Z.); (Y.T.); (X.X.); (Y.H.)
| | - Wenliang Song
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (M.Z.); (Y.T.); (X.X.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yunxin Tang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (M.Z.); (Y.T.); (X.X.); (Y.H.)
| | - Xizi Xu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (M.Z.); (Y.T.); (X.X.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yingning Huang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (M.Z.); (Y.T.); (X.X.); (Y.H.)
| | - Dengguang Yu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (M.Z.); (Y.T.); (X.X.); (Y.H.)
- Shanghai Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Medical Device Materials, Shanghai 200093, China
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