Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of triorganotin(IV) complexes of 2-methylphenol

Synergistic Antibacterial Screening of Cymbopogon citratus and Azadirachta indica: Phytochemical Profiling and Antioxidant and Hemolytic Activities

Current studies were performed to investigate the phytochemistry, synergistic antibacterial, antioxidant, and hemolytic activities of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica (EA and WA) and Cymbopogon citratus (EC and WC) leaves. Fourier transform infrared data verified the existence of alcoholic, carboxylic, aldehydic, phenyl, and bromo moieties in plant leaves. The ethanolic extracts (EA and EC) were significantly richer in phenolics and flavonoids as compared to the aqueous extracts (WA and WC). The ethanolic extract of C. citratus (EC) contained higher concentrations of caffeic acid (1.432 mg/g), synapic acid (6.743 mg/g), and benzoic acid (7.431 mg/g) as compared to all other extracts, whereas chlorogenic acid (0.311 mg/g) was present only in the aqueous extract of A. indica (WA). Food preservative properties of C. citratus can be due to the presence of benzoic acid (7.431 mg/g). -Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated the presence of 36 and 23 compounds in A. indica and C. citratus leaves, respectively. Inductively coupled plasma analysis was used to determine the concentration of 26 metals (Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, V, Zn, Zr, Ti); the metal concentrations were higher in aqueous extracts as compared to the ethanolic extracts. The extracts were generally richer in calcium (3000-7858 ppm), potassium (13662-53,750 ppm), and sodium (3181-8445 ppm) and hence can be used in food supplements as a source of these metals. Antioxidant potential (DDPH method) of C. citratus ethanolic extract was the highest (74.50 ± 0.66%), whereas it was the lowest (32.22 ± 0.28%) for the aqueous extract of A. indica. Synergistic inhibition of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) was observed when the aqueous extracts of both the plants were mixed together in certain ratios (v/v). The highest antibacterial potential was exhibited by the pure extract of C. citratus, which was even higher than that of the standard drug (ciprofloxacin). The plant extracts and their mixtures were more active against S. aureus as compared to E. coli. No toxic hemolytic effects were observed for the investigated extracts indicating their safe medicinal uses for human beings.

Preparation, structural elucidation and biocidal applications of trimethyltin(IV) complexes derived from substituted carboxylic acids

A series of trimethyltin(IV) carboxylates (1-7), having general formula [(CH₃)₃SnOOCR], where R = 3-CF₃C₆H₄- (1), 3,4-(OCH₂CH₃)₂ C₆H₃- (2), 3-FC₆H₄- (3), 4-ClC₆H₅- (4), 2,4-(OCH₃)₂C₆H₃- (5), 4-NO₂C₆H₄- (6), 5-CH₃C₄H₂N₂- (7) have been synthesized and are characterized by using analytical techniques like, FT-IR, ¹H, ¹³C and ¹¹⁹Sn NMR spectroscopy in addition to elemental analyses. To validate the structural motif, one of the complex (2) was also analyzed by single crystal XRD technique. The single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the molecular species exist in one dimensional polymeric chain, wherein five coordinated tin is attached to two oxygens of the carboxyl and three carbon atoms of CH₃ groups, whereas the bond angles for C-Sn-C (117.20-121.65°), C-Sn-O (87.87-98.60°) and O-Sn-O (173.75°) lie in the predictable range of distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry. All the synthesized complexes were also subjected to preliminary screening for various biocidal applications such as antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, protein kinase inhibition and brine shrimp lethality test to check their efficacy. The compound 6 exhibits very good antibacterial activity having MIC value 6.25 μg/mL against K. pneumoniae, whereas antidiabetic and protein kinase inhibition data revealed that 1 and 2 may serve as good to moderately effective inhibitors, respectively.