Metal-based antibacterial agents: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro biological evaluation of cefixime-derived Schiff bases and their complexes with Zn(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), and Co(II)

N-((1H-Pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)-6-methoxypyridin-3-amine and Its Co(II) and Cu(II) Complexes as Antimicrobial Agents: Chemical Preparation, In Vitro Antimicrobial Evaluation, In Silico Analysis and Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Investigations

Researchers are interested in Schiff bases and their metal complexes because they offer a wide range of applications. The chemistry of Schiff bases of heterocompounds has got a lot of attention because of the metal's ability to coordinate with Schiff base ligands. In the current study, a new bidentate Schiff base ligand, N-((1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)-6-methoxypyridin-3-amine (MPM) has been synthesized by condensing 6-methoxypyridine-3-amine with pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde. Further, MPM is used to prepare Cu(II) and Co(II) metal complexes. Analytical and spectroscopic techniques are used for the structural elucidation of the synthesized compounds. Both MPM and its metal complexes were screened against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae species for antimicrobial studies. Furthermore, these compounds were subjected to in silico studies against bacterial proteins to comprehend their best non-bonded interactions. The results confirmed that the Schiff base ligand show considerably higher binding affinity with good hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions against various tested microbial species. These results were complemented with a report of the Conceptual DFT global reactivity descriptors of the studied compounds together with their biological scores and their ADMET computed parameters.

Studies on meropenem and cefixime metal ion complexes for antibacterial activity

Background

The metal ion complexes of meropenem and cefixime with cadmium, silver, palladium, zinc, nickel, cobalt and copper were synthesized and characterized by UV, FTIR and H1-NMR spectrophotometry. The antibacterial effects of the complexes were studied using cup and plate method against S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae for normal and resistant strains of bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the metal ion complexes was determined by broth dilution method.

Results

UV spectroscopic studies suggested that meropenem ligand form complex with different metal ions and FTIR spectrum confirmed the proposed structure. Similarly, UV spectrum of cefixime metal ion complexes at λmax 202–295 nm and meropenem metal ion complexes at λmax 249–304 nm was observed in all the complexes. FTIR peaks for a proposed structure were observed in all the meropenem and cefixime metal ion, indicating the formation of complexes, and retained the functional groups of drugs. Meropenem as well as cefixime metal ion complexes exhibited more antibacterial activity against all the selected bacterial strains. Specifically, the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration against P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae was observed to be 100 and 150 μg/ml, respectively.

Conclusion

The present study concluded that the meropenem and cefixime metal complexes can exhibit the better treatment than individual drug on normal as well as resistant bacteria.

Ceftriaxone-based Schiff base transition metal(II) complexes. Synthesis, characterization, bacterial toxicity, and DFT calculations. Enhanced antibacterial activity of a novel Zn(II) complex against S. aureus and E. coli

From the reaction of ceftriaxone 1 antibiotic with 2,6-diaminopyridine 2 a ceftriaxone-based Schiff base (H₂L,3) was obtained and its transition metal complexes were synthesized. Spectroscopic and physicochemical techniques, namely, UV-visible, FT-IR, ¹H NMR, EPR, mass spectrometry, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, together with elemental and thermal analyses, were used to find out the binding mode and composition of these complexes. The ceftriaxone-based Schiff base 3 behaves as a monoanionic tridentate N,N,O ligand. Spectral and magnetic data suggest an octahedral geometry for all complexes and the general formulae [M(HL)(OAc)(H₂O)₂] (M(II) = Mn²⁺4, Co²⁺5, Ni²⁺6, Cu²⁺7, Zn²⁺8), are proposed for them. All compounds were screened for antibacterial activity using both the agar disc diffusion method and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). It was found that complex 8 exhibited the most promising bactericidal activity against S. aureus (MIC = 0.0048 μmol/ml) and E. coli (MIC = 0.0024 μmol/ml). It is more active than the free ligand 1 (MIC = 0.0560 μmol/ml for S. aureus and 0.0140 μmol/ml for E. coli). These MIC results were compared with those obtained using similar zinc(II) Schiff base complexes, and with the values obtained using ceftriaxone conjugated with silver and gold nanoparticles (NPs), using earlier published data. Synthesized metal complexes exhibited LC₅₀ values >1000 ppm indicating their nontoxicity against brine shrimp nauplii (Artemia Salina).

X-ray structure of two Schiff bases: TURN-ON sensing of Fe3+ and Al3+ in the HepG2 cell line

The efficiency of the fluorescence sensitivity of a sensor may be tuned by the modulation of the steric and electronic parameters in the structure. In this study, the thiophenyl Schiff base (E)-N¹-(phenyl(pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-N²-(thiophen-2-ylmethylene)benzene-1,2-diamine (HL') exhibited very high selectivity and a sensitive fluorescence enhancement towards Fe³⁺ with violet emission (λ_em, 385 nm; LOD, 3.8 nM). On the other hand, the naphthyl Schiff base (E)-1-(((2-((phenyl(pyridin-2-yl)methyl)amino)phenyl)imino)methyl)naphthalen-2-ol (H₂L'') exhibited fluorescence sensitivity towards Al³⁺, showing blue emission (λ_em, 502 nm; LOD, 3.3 nM) in H₂O (HEPES buffer, pH 7.4) medium. The emission enhancement of HL' upon binding to Fe³⁺ may be considered to be due to the restriction of intramolecular rotation, while the selectivity of H₂L'' towards Al³⁺ may be due to the turn on emission through the restriction of excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) and the introduction of chelation enhanced fluorescence (CHEF). Furthermore, DFT computation supported the sensing strategy and the probes were applied for intracellular detection of Fe³⁺ and Al³⁺ in HepG2 cell lines.

Synthesis, characterization and experimental, theoretical, electrochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial study of a new Schiff base and its complexes

A new Schiff base ligand was synthesized by reaction of salicylaldehyde with 1,6-bis(4-chloro-2-aminophenoxy)hexane. Then the Schiff base complexes were synthesized by metal salts and the Schiff base. The metal to ligand ratio of metal complexes was found to be 1:1. The Cu(II) complex is proposed to be square planar and the Co(II), Ni(II), Mn(II) and Zn(II) complexes are proposed to be tetrahedral geometry. The Ti(III) and V(III) complexes are proposed to be a capped octahedron in which a seventh ligand has been added to triangular face. The complexes are non-electrolytes as shown by their molar conductivities (ΛM). The structure of metal complexes is proposed from elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-vis, magnetic susceptibility measurements, molar conductivity measurements, Mass Spectra and thermal gravimetric analysis. In addition antimicrobial and antioxidant studies, cyclic voltammetry of the complexes, theoretical 1H NMR and HOMO-LUMO energy calculations of the new di-functional ligand were done.

Transition Metal(II) Complexes with Cefotaxime-Derived Schiff Base: Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Studies

New [ML₂(H₂O)₂] complexes, where M = Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) while L corresponds to the Schiff base ligand, were synthesized by condensation of cefotaxime with salicylaldehyde in situ in the presence of divalent metal salts in ethanolic medium. The complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, conductance, and magnetic measurements, as well as by IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The low values of the molar conductance indicate nonelectrolyte type of complexes. Based on spectral data and magnetic moments, an octahedral geometry may be proposed for Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) complexes while a tetragonal geometry for Cu(II) complex. Molecular structure of the Schiff base ligand and its complexes were studied using programs dedicated to chemical modeling and quantomolecular calculation of chemical properties. All the synthesized complexes were tested for in vitro antibacterial activity against some pathogenic bacterial strains, namely Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The MIC values shown by the complexes against these bacterial strains revealed that the metal complexes possess superior antibacterial activity than the Schiff base.

Synthesis, Spectroscopic, and Magnetic Studies of Mono- and Polynuclear Schiff Base Metal Complexes Containing Salicylidene-Cefotaxime Ligand

Metal complexes of a Schiff base ligand derived from cefotaxime and salicylaldehyde were prepared. The salicilydene-cefotaxime ligand (H2L) and mononuclear [M(L)] (M(II) = Co, Ni and Cu), dinuclear [Ag2(L)(OAc)2], and tetranuclear metal complexes [M4(L)(OH)6] (M(II) = Ni, Cu) were characterized on the basis of analytical, thermal, magnetic, and spectral studies (IR, UV-visible, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and EPR). The electronic spectra of the complexes and their magnetic moments suggesttetrahedral geometry for the isolated complexes. The complexes are nonelectrolytes and insoluble in water and common organic solvents but soluble in DMSO.

(Methanol-κO){1-[2-(piperazin-4-ium-1-yl-κN(1))ethyl-imino-methyl-κN]naphthalen-2-olato-κO}bis-(thio-cyanato-κN)nickel(II) methanol monosolvate

In the title solvated complex, [Ni(C₁₇H₂₁N₃O)(NCS)₂(CH₃OH)]·CH₃OH, the Ni²⁺ ion is coordinated by one phenolate O, one imine N, and one amine N atom of the tridentate Schiff base ligand, two thio­cyanate N atoms and one methanol O atom, resulting in a distorted cis-NiO₂N₄ octa­hedral geometry. The chelate ring formed by the phenolate O and imine N atoms approximates to an envelope with the Ni atom as the flap, whereas the chelate ring formed by the two N atoms is twisted about the C—C bond. In the crystal, the components are linked by O—H⋯O, N—H⋯O, N—H⋯S, and O—H⋯S hydrogen bonds.