1
|
Zeyrek Ongun M, Sahin M, Akbal T, Avsar N, Karakas H, Ertekin K, Atilla D, İbişoğlu H, Topal SZ. Synthesis, characterization and oxygen sensitivity of cyclophosphazene equipped-iridium (III) complexes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 239:118490. [PMID: 32502815 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, synthesis, characterization and oxygen sensing abilities of the cyclophosphazene-free and phenyl and naphtoxy-substituted cyclophosphazene bearing iridium (III) complexes (Ir-I, Ir-II and Ir-III) were presented. The complexes were characterized by NMR, absorption and emission spectroscopies, luminescence lifetime and quantum yield measurements. The molecules were successfully embedded in the ethyl cellulose matrix to fabricate the oxygen sensing electrospun mats via electrospinning technique. Oxygen induced luminescence of the iridium complexes around 600 nm has been followed as the analytical signal during oxygen sensitivity studies. They exhibited blue shifted, quenched emission towards triplet oxygen. The napthoxy substituted derivative exhibited 2.70 fold enhanced I0/I100 ratio compared to the free form in terms of the relative signal change. Room-temperature luminescence abilities, high photostabilities, large Stoke's shift values extending to 200 nm and high spectral response, especially between 0 and 10% pO2 make them promising candidates as oxygen probes. The test materials can be stored at the ambient air of the laboratory for at least 24 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merve Zeyrek Ongun
- Dokuz Eylul University, Chemistry Technology Program, Izmir Vocational High School, 35360 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Murat Sahin
- Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Tugce Akbal
- Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Avsar
- Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Hayriye Karakas
- Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Kadriye Ertekin
- Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Devrim Atilla
- Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Hanife İbişoğlu
- Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Sevinc Zehra Topal
- Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Havrylyuk D, Heidary DK, Sun Y, Parkin S, Glazer EC. Photochemical and Photobiological Properties of Pyridyl-pyrazol(in)e-Based Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Sub-micromolar Cytotoxicity for Phototherapy. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:18894-18906. [PMID: 32775891 PMCID: PMC7408248 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of new light-triggered prodrugs based on ruthenium (II) complexes is a promising approach for photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT). The light-mediated activation of "strained" Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes resulted in ligand release and produced a ligand-deficient metal center capable of forming covalent adducts with biomolecules such as DNA. Based on the strategy of exploiting structural distortion to activate photochemistry, biologically active small molecules were coordinated to a Ru(II) scaffold to create light-triggered dual-action agents. Thirteen new Ru(II) complexes with pyridyl-pyrazol(in)e ligands were synthesized, and their photochemical reactivity and anticancer properties were investigated. Isomeric bidentate ligands were investigated, where "regular" ligands (where the coordinated nitrogens in the heterocycles are linked by C-C atoms) were compared to "inverse" isomers (where the coordinated nitrogens in the heterocycles are linked by C-N atoms). Coordination of the regular 3-(pyrid-2-yl)-pyrazol(in)es to a Ru(II) bis-dimethylphenanthroline scaffold yielded photoresponsive compounds with promising photochemical and biological properties, in contrast to the inverse 1-(pyrid-2-yl)-pyrazolines. The introduction of a phenyl ring to the 1N-pyrazoline cycle increased the distortion in complexes and improved ligand release upon light irradiation (470 nm) up to 5-fold in aqueous media. Compounds 1-8, containing pyridyl-pyrazol(in)e ligands, were at least 20-80-fold more potent than the parent pyridyl-pyrazol(in)es, and exhibited biological activity in the dark, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ranging from 0.2 to 7.6 μM in the HL60 cell line, with complete growth inhibition upon light irradiation. The diversification of coligands and introduction of a carboxylic acid into the Ru(II) complex resulted in compounds 9-12, with up to 146-fold improved phototoxicity indices compared with complexes 1-8.
Collapse
|
3
|
Synthesis of novel metal (II) complexes tailored from 9-oxo-9H-fluorene-1-carboxylic acid via green protocol: DNA cleavage and anticancer studies. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.119210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
4
|
Zhang WY, Du F, He M, Bai L, Gu YY, Yang LL, Liu YJ. Studies of anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo of iridium(III) polypyridyl complexes-loaded liposomes as drug delivery system. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 178:390-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
5
|
Qasim Warraich M, Ghion A, Perdisatt L, O'Neill L, Casey A, O'Connor C. In vitro cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, reactive oxygen species and cell cycle arrest studies of novel ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes towards A549 lung cancer cell line. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 44:319-329. [PMID: 30991856 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1589492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes have displayed some promising biological responses against a variety of cancers and have emerged as a potential candidate that can show significant antitumor activity. Three ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes were biologically evaluated in vitro against the A549 cancer cell line. The complexes were selected based on initial DNA intercalation studies and MTT viability screening and were selected based on the most promising candidates, the [Ru(bpy)2o-CPIP].2PF6 (complex 1), [Ru(phen)2o-CPIP].2PF6 (complex 2) and [Ru(biq)2o-CPIP].2PF6 (complex 3). Confocal cellular uptake studies confirmed the intracellular transport of complexes into A549. Cytoplasmic and the nucleic accumulation of the complex 1 and 2 was seen while no fluorescent microscopy was performed for complex 3 due to instrumental limitations. Cellular cytotoxicity was investigated with the aid of the Alamar blue assay. The complexes displayed concentration and time dependent inhibitory effects yielding IC50 values from 5.00 to 32.75 µM. Complex 1 exhibit highest cytotoxicity with IC50 value of 5.00 ± 1.24 µM. All of the complexes have shown a significant effect in the reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Finally, the complexes have shown a transient effect on the cell cycle by arresting it at G0/G1 phase except for complex 2 [Ru(phen)2o-CPIP].2PF6 which has shown the significant G0/G1 arrest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qasim Warraich
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alessandra Ghion
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Perdisatt
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luke O'Neill
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Casey
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Science, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christine O'Connor
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Paul H, Sen B, Mondal TK, Chattopadhyay P. Synthesis, characterization, redox behavior, DNA and protein binding and antibacterial activity studies of ruthenium(II) complexes of bidentate schiff bases. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 36:520-542. [PMID: 28708465 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2017.1332763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Two new ruthenium(II) complexes of Schiff base ligands (L) derived from cinnamaldehyde and ethylenediamine formulated as [Ru(L)(bpy)2](ClO4)2, where L1 = N,N'-bis(4-nitrocinnamald-ehyde)ethylenediamine and L2 = N,N'-bis(2-nitrocinnamaldehyde)-ethylenediamine for complex 1 and 2, respectively, were isolated in pure form. The complexes were characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. The electrochemical behavior of the complexes showed the Ru(III)/Ru(II) couple at different potentials with quasi-reversible voltammograms. The interaction of the complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) using absorption, emission spectral studies and electrochemical techniques have been used to determine the binding constant, Kb and the linear Stern-Volmer quenching constant, KSV. The results indicate that the ruthenium(II) complexes interact with CT-DNA strongly in a groove binding mode. The interactions of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with the complexes were also investigated with the help of absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy tools. Absorption spectroscopy proved the formation of a ground state BSA-[Ru(L)(bpy)2](ClO4)2 complex. The antibacterial study showed that the Ru(II) complexes (1 and 2) have better activity than the standard antibiotics but weak activity than the ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hena Paul
- a Department of Chemistry , Burdwan University , Golapbag , Burdwan , India
| | - Buddhadeb Sen
- a Department of Chemistry , Burdwan University , Golapbag , Burdwan , India
| | - Tapan Kumar Mondal
- b Department of Chemistry , Jadavpur University , Jadavpur , Kolkata , India
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Evaluation of DNA binding, DNA cleavage, protein binding, radical scavenging and in vitro cytotoxic activities of ruthenium(II) complexes containing 2,4-dihydroxy benzylidene ligands. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 69:1297-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
8
|
Mohanraj M, Ayyannan G, Raja G, Jayabalakrishnan C. Synthesis, characterization, DNA binding, DNA cleavage, antioxidant and in vitro cytotoxicity studies of ruthenium(II) complexes containing hydrazone ligands. J COORD CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2016.1235700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maruthachalam Mohanraj
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, India
| | - Ganesan Ayyannan
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, India
| | - Gunasekaran Raja
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mohanraj M, Ayyannan G, Raja G, Jayabalakrishnan C. Synthesis, characterization and in vitro
biological assays of copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes with furan-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide. Appl Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maruthachalam Mohanraj
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry; Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science; Coimbatore 641 020 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ganesan Ayyannan
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry; Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science; Coimbatore 641 020 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Gunasekaran Raja
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry; Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science; Coimbatore 641 020 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Chinnasamy Jayabalakrishnan
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry; Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science; Coimbatore 641 020 Tamil Nadu India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu SH, Xu HH, Zhu JW, Wang Y, Liu YM, Liang JB, Zhang GQ, Cao DH, Lin YY, Guo QF, Wu Y. A ruthenium(II) complex binds protein and inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
11
|
Wang C, Wu Q, Zeng Y, Huang D, Yu C, Wang X, Mei W. Synthesis, characterization and DNA-binding properties of Ru(II) complexes coordinated by ofloxacin as potential antitumor agents. J COORD CHEM 2015; 68:1489-1499. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2015.1020797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengxi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongchang Zeng
- Shenzhen Institute of Gerontology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongwei Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuqin Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xicheng Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Mei
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu SH, Zhao JH, Deng KK, Wu Y, Zhu JW, Liu QH, Xu HH, Wu HF, Li XY, Wang JW, Guo QF. Effect of radiation on cytotoxicity, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of human osteosarcoma MG-63 induced by a ruthenium(II) complex. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 140:202-209. [PMID: 25594209 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Radiation has large influence on the cytotoxicity, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The bioactivity of ruthenium(II) complex [Ru(dmb)2(DBHIP)](ClO4)2 (Ru1) (DBHIP=2-(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxylphenyl)imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) was investigated in the absence and presence of radiation. The cytotoxicity of Ru1 against MG-63 cells was evaluated by CCK-8 method. Ru1 shows high cytotoxicity upon radiation. Radiation can enhance the cytotoxicity of Ru1 on MG-63 cells. The apoptosis was studied by Hoechst 33258 staining method and flow cytometry. The reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell cycle arrest and western blot analysis were investigated in detail. The complex induces the apoptosis in MG-63 cells through ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Hong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taishan City People's Hospital, Taishan 529200, PR China
| | - Kun-Kang Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Jian-Wei Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Qing-Hua Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Hui-Hua Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Hai-Feng Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Xin-Yan Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Jian-Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Qi-Feng Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Paul H, Mukherjee T, Mukherjee M, Mondal TK, Moirangthem A, Basu A, Zangrando E, Chattopadhyay P. Ruthenium(II) complexes of pyrrol-azo ligands: cytotoxicity, interaction with calf thymus DNA and bovine serum albumin. J COORD CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2013.814048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hena Paul
- a Department of Chemistry , Burdwan University , Golapbag, Burdwan , India
| | - Titas Mukherjee
- a Department of Chemistry , Burdwan University , Golapbag, Burdwan , India
| | - Manjira Mukherjee
- a Department of Chemistry , Burdwan University , Golapbag, Burdwan , India
| | - Tapan K. Mondal
- b Department of Chemistry , Jadavpur University , Jadavpur , India
| | | | - Anupam Basu
- c Department of Zoology , Burdwan University , Golapbag, Burdwan , India
| | - Ennio Zangrando
- d Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Trieste , Trieste , Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xie YY, Jiang GB, Yao JH, Lin GJ, Huang HL, Wang XZ, Liu YJ. DNA-binding, antioxidant activity, and bioactivity studies of ruthenium(II) complexes containing amino substituents. J COORD CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2013.805214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yin Xie
- a School of Pharmacy , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Guang-Bin Jiang
- a School of Pharmacy , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Jun-Hua Yao
- b Instrument Analysis and Research Center , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Gan-Jian Lin
- a School of Pharmacy , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Hong-Liang Huang
- c School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Zhen Wang
- a School of Pharmacy , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Yun-Jun Liu
- a School of Pharmacy , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huang HL, Li ZZ, Wang XZ, Liang ZH, Liu YJ. Cytotoxicity, apoptosis, interaction with DNA, cellular uptake, and cell cycle arrest of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes containing 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine as ancillary ligand. J COORD CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2012.713945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Liang Huang
- a School of Life Science and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangdong , Guangzhou 510006 , P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Zheng Li
- b School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangdong , Guangzhou 510006 , P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Zhen Wang
- b School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangdong , Guangzhou 510006 , P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Hua Liang
- b School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangdong , Guangzhou 510006 , P.R. China
| | - Yun-Jun Liu
- b School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangdong , Guangzhou 510006 , P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|