Binding affinity studies of 1,2,3-triazole copper(II) complexes to human serum albumin

Fungicide-albumin interactions: unraveling the complex relationship-a comprehensive review

This review will give an insight into the interactions of serum albumins, which are proteins found in the blood, with fungicides. There are molecular interactions between several fungicides and two serum albumin proteins: human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). The main objective of this review is to through some light on the interactions of the fungicides with serum albumins and to highlight their toxicity level. The interactions of serum albumins with fungicides are complex and can be affected by the properties of the proteins themselves. This review provides valuable insight into the interactions between serum albumins and fungicides, which can help to know the efficacy and mechanism of fungicides and may help in designing new fungicides with low or no toxicity.

A novel water-soluble Cu(II) gluconate complex inhibits cancer cell growth by triggering apoptosis and ferroptosis related mechanisms

Metal copper complexes have attracted extensive attention as potential alternatives to platinum-based anticancer drugs due to their possible different modes of action. Herein, a new copper(II) gluconate complex, namely [Cu(DPQ)(Gluc)]·2H₂O (CuGluc, DPQ = pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline), with good water-solubility and high anticancer activity was synthesized by using D-gluconic acid (Gluc-2H) as an auxiliary ligand. The complex was well characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, elemental analysis, molar conductivity, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The DNA-binding experiments revealed that CuGluc was bound to DNA by intercalation with end-stacking binding. CuGluc could oxidatively cleave DNA, in which ¹O₂ and H₂O₂ were involved. In addition, CuGluc was bound to the IIA subdomain of human serum albumin (HSA) through hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding, showing a good affinity for HSA. The complex showed superior anticancer activity toward several cancer cells than cisplatin in vitro. Further studies indicated that CuGluc caused apoptotic cell death in human liver cancer (HepG2) cells through elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell cycle arrest, and caspase activation. Interestingly, CuGluc also triggered the ferroptosis mechanism through lipid peroxide accumulation and inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) activity. More importantly, CuGluc significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo, which may benefit from the combined effects of apoptosis and ferroptosis. This work provides a promising strategy to develop highly effective antitumor copper complexes by coordinating with the glucose metabolite D-gluconic acid and exploiting the synergistic effects of apoptosis and ferroptosis mechanisms.

Azaneylylidene-based tetradentate Schiff base as a new "ON-OFF" fluorescent probe for the detection of Cu(II) ion: Synthesis, characterization and real sample analysis

Herein we describe the synthesis of Cu²⁺ sensor, 2,2'-((1E,1'E)-((4-chloro-1,2-phenylene)bis(azaneylylidene))bis(methane-ylylidene))bis(4-bromophenol) (CPMB) and characterization using various spectral and analytical techniques. CPMB exhibited high selectivity towards Cu²⁺ ions via fluorescence quenching mechanism, which combined the character of high selectivity towards Cu²⁺ assay even in the presence of other common metal ions such as Cu²⁺, Al³⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺ Pb²⁺ Cd²⁺, Fe²⁺, Hg²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Fe³⁺ (30 μM) ethanol-water (1:9 v/v) system. Upon the addition of the solution of Cu²⁺ ions to CPMB, the complexation of Cu²⁺ with CPMB leads to the immediate formation of light green color, indicating that CPMB can act as simple colorimetric sensor, particularly for Cu²⁺ in the presence of most interfering metal ions in ethanol-water medium. More interestingly, the ability of sensing behavior of CPMB for Cu²⁺ ion in the real water samples (tap water and lake water samples) was also investigated. Further, Job's plot confirmed that the complexation occurred in 1:1 ratio (ligand:metal). Furthermore, the fluorescence inhibiting factor showed a good linear relationship with the concentration of Cu²⁺ with detection limit of 0.302 μM. The electronic transitions of the complex in ethanol were studied using DFT calculations.

Albumin as a prospective carrier of the nitrosyl iron complex with thiourea and thiosulfate ligands under aerobic conditions

High-molecular-weight dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNICs) are formed in living systems and are a stable depot of nitrogen monoxide (NO). In this work, using experimental and theoretical methods, we investigated the interaction of their synthetic analog, a promising cardiotropic complex of the composition [Fe(SC(NH₂)₂)₂(NO)₂]₂[Fe₂(S₂O₃)₂(NO)₄], with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in aqueous aerobic solutions. We suggested that, under these conditions, the decomposition product of the initial complex with oxygen, the [Fe(NO)(NO₂)]⁺ fragment, can bind in the hydrophobic pocket of the protein. As a result of this interaction, high-molecular-weight Fe(Cys34)(His39)(NO)(NO₂) is formed. The binding constant of the complex with protein measured by the quenching of intrinsic fluorescence of BSA is 7.2 × 10⁵ M^-1. According to EPR and UV-spectroscopy data, the interaction of the complex with the protein leads to its significant stabilization. In addition to coordination binding, the studied complex can be adsorbed onto the protein surface due to weak intermolecular interactions, resulting in the prolonged generation of NO.

A dipodal bimane-ditriazole-diCu(II) complex serves as an ultrasensitive water sensor

An ultrasensitive fluorescent water sensor based on a dipodal bimane-Cu(II) complex is reported here. This complex, which is non-fluorescent in the absence of water, demonstrates a remarkable turn-on fluorescence in the presence of extremely low (0.000786% v/v) concentrations of water, via highly selective water-induced displacement of copper and restoration of the innate bimane fluorescence.

Synthesis, structural studies, interaction with DNA/HSA and antitumor evaluation of new Cu(ii) complexes containing 2-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine and amino acids

New Cu(ii) complexes with promising anticancer activity induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells through DNA damage and cytotoxic ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathways.

Multi-spectroscopic and molecular docking studies of human serum albumin interactions with sulfametoxydiazine and sulfamonomethoxine

Sulfonamides are a kind of antibiotics which have been widely used as feed additives for livestock and poultry. However, sulfa drugs have raised worldwide concerns because of their adverse impact on human health. In this study, two sulfonamides, sulfametoxydiazine (SMD) and sulfamonomethoxine (SMM), were selected to explore the binding modes with human serum albumin (HSA). The spectroscopic approaches revealed that SMD or SMM could spontaneously enter into the binding site I of HSA through hydrogen bond interactions and van der Waals forces, and that SMD exhibited much stronger binding affinity toward HSA than SMM at different temperatures (p < 0.01, n = 3). The binding constants for SMD-HSA and SMM-HSA were determined to be (8.297 ± 0.010) × 10⁴ L·mol^-1 and (1.178 ± 0.008) × 10⁴ L·mol^-1 at 298 K, respectively. The interaction of SMD or SMM to HSA induced microenvironmental and conformational changes in HSA, where SMD had a greater effect on the α-helix content of HSA. Results from molecular docking implied that the amino acid residues of HSA, such as Arg222, Ala291 and Leu238, played key roles in the sulfonamide-HSA binding process. Meanwhile, hydrogen bonds might be a key factor contributing to the binding affinity of sulfa drugs and HSA. Additionally, the combined use of SMD and SMM led to an obvious variation in K_a values of binary systems (p < 0.01, n = 3). These findings might be helpful to understand the biological effects of sulfonamides in humans.

Selective detection of sulfide in human lung cancer cells with a blue-fluorescent "ON-OFF-ON" benzimidazole-based chemosensor ensemble

A completely water-soluble, high quantum yield blue-fluorescent benzimidazole derivative (AQ), containing a rigid benzimidazole-thiophene structure, was synthesized. Among 21 metal ions, the fluorescence of AQ was selectively turned off by Cu²⁺ to form an AQ-Cu²⁺ ensemble. Thereafter, the fluorescence of the AQ-Cu²⁺ ensemble was turned on by sulfide (S^2-) with high selectivity and sensitivity in pure water solution. In comparison with AQ-Ag⁺ and AQ-Hg²⁺ ensembles, AQ-Cu²⁺ was the only ensemble that was capable of detecting a sulfide anion. Also, the fluorescence intensity of AQ was linearly proportional to the concentration of Cu²⁺ and S^2-. Both Cu²⁺ and S^2- were detected within a minute in vitro. Moreover, AQ worked best in the pH range of 5-10 and had a limit of detection of 50 nM and 354 nM for Cu²⁺ and S^2- respectively. It was employed for the detection of sulfide in human lung cancer A549 cells with low cytotoxicity.

Effect of albumin on the transformation of dinitrosyl iron complexes with thiourea ligands

BSA binds the Fe(NO)₂⁺ fragment of DNIC and multiple molecules of [Fe(SC(NH₂)₂)₂(NO)₂]⁺ that prolongs NO donation by this DNIC.