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Cendra C, Balhorn L, Zhang W, O’Hara K, Bruening K, Tassone CJ, Steinrück HG, Liang M, Toney MF, McCulloch I, Chabinyc ML, Salleo A, Takacs CJ. Unraveling the Unconventional Order of a High-Mobility Indacenodithiophene-Benzothiadiazole Copolymer. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1306-1314. [PMID: 35549036 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new class of donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers found to produce high charge carrier mobilities competitive with amorphous silicon (>1 cm2 V-1 s-1) exhibit the puzzling microstructure of substantial local order, however lacking long-range order and crystallinity previously deemed necessary for achieving high mobility. Here, we demonstrate the application of low-dose transmission electron microscopy to image and quantify the nanoscale and mesoscale organization of an archetypal D-A copolymer across areas comparable to electronic devices (≈9 μm2). The local structure is spatially resolved by mapping the backbone (001) spacing reflection, revealing nanocrystallites of aligned polymer chains throughout nearly the entire film. Analysis of the nanoscale structure of its ordered domains suggests significant short- and medium-range order and preferential grain boundary orientations. Moreover, we provide insights into the rich, interconnected mesoscale organization of this new family of D-A copolymers by analysis of the local orientational spatial autocorrelations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Cendra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Luke Balhorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kathryn O’Hara
- Materials Department, University of California—Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Karsten Bruening
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Christopher J. Tassone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Hans-Georg Steinrück
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department Chemie, Universität Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Mengning Liang
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Michael F. Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado—Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Science and Engineering Division KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California—Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Christopher J. Takacs
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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Fratini S, Nikolka M, Salleo A, Schweicher G, Sirringhaus H. Charge transport in high-mobility conjugated polymers and molecular semiconductors. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:491-502. [PMID: 32296138 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers and molecular semiconductors are emerging as a viable semiconductor technology in industries such as displays, electronics, renewable energy, sensing and healthcare. A key enabling factor has been significant scientific progress in improving their charge transport properties and carrier mobilities, which has been made possible by a better understanding of the molecular structure-property relationships and the underpinning charge transport physics. Here we aim to present a coherent review of how we understand charge transport in these high-mobility van der Waals bonded semiconductors. Specific questions of interest include estimates for intrinsic limits to the carrier mobilities that might ultimately be achievable; a discussion of the coupling between charge and structural dynamics; the importance of molecular conformations and mesoscale structural features; how the transport physics of conjugated polymers and small molecule semiconductors are related; and how the incorporation of counterions in doped films-as used, for example, in bioelectronics and thermoelectric devices-affects the electronic structure and charge transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Nikolka
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Prielaidas Ž, Juodkazis S, Stankevičius E. Thermal control of SZ2080 photopolymerization in four-beam interference lithography. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:5038-5045. [PMID: 32073067 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05168f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Photopolymerization by four-beam interference lithography on a preheated SZ2080 sample was explored at different initial temperatures of the sample: 20 °C, 50 °C, 75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C, and 150 °C, and at exposure times ranging from 0.5 s to 5 s. The average laser power selected was ∼100 mW for the 300 ps duration pulses at a 1 kHz repetition rate. The experimental results demonstrate that the higher initial temperature of the sample positively influences the crosslinking of the patterns. These findings will improve polymerization protocols for multi-beam interference lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žygimantas Prielaidas
- Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Juhl SJ, Wang T, Vermilyea B, Li X, Crespi VH, Badding JV, Alem N. Local Structure and Bonding of Carbon Nanothreads Probed by High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6937-6945. [PMID: 30951295 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanothreads are a new one-dimensional sp3-bonded nanomaterial of CH stoichiometry synthesized from benzene at high pressure and room temperature by slow solid-state polymerization. The resulting threads assume crystalline packing hundreds of micrometers across. We show high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) images of hexagonal arrays of well-aligned thread columns that traverse the 80-100 nm thickness of the prepared sample. Diffuse scattering in electron diffraction reveals that nanothreads are packed with axial and/or azimuthal disregistry between them. Layer lines in diffraction from annealed nanothreads provide the first evidence of translational order along their length, indicating that this solid-state reaction proceeds with some regularity. HREM also reveals bends and defects in nanothread crystals that can contribute to the broadening of their diffraction spots, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy confirms them to be primarily sp3-hybridized, with less than 27% sp2 carbon, most likely associated with partially saturated "degree-4" threads.
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O’Hara K, Takacs CJ, Liu S, Cruciani F, Beaujuge P, Hawker CJ, Chabinyc ML. Effect of Alkyl Side Chains on Intercrystallite Ordering in Semiconducting Polymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn O’Hara
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Christopher J. Takacs
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Shengjian Liu
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Federico Cruciani
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre Beaujuge
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Schulz GL, Fischer FSU, Trefz D, Melnyk A, Hamidi-Sakr A, Brinkmann M, Andrienko D, Ludwigs S. The PCPDTBT Family: Correlations between Chemical Structure, Polymorphism, and Device Performance. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. L. Schulz
- IPOC-Functional
Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - F. S. U. Fischer
- IPOC-Functional
Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - D. Trefz
- IPOC-Functional
Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - A. Melnyk
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School
Materials Science in Mainz, Staudinger
Weg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - A. Hamidi-Sakr
- Institut
Charles Sadron, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - M. Brinkmann
- Institut
Charles Sadron, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - D. Andrienko
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - S. Ludwigs
- IPOC-Functional
Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Takacs CJ, Brady MA, Treat ND, Kramer EJ, Chabinyc ML. Quadrites and crossed-chain crystal structures in polymer semiconductors. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:3096-3101. [PMID: 24820648 DOI: 10.1021/nl500150t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Many high-performance conjugated polymers for organic photovoltaics and transistors crystallize such that chains are parallel, resulting in significant anisotropy of the nanoscale charge transport properties. Here we demonstrate an unusual intercrystallite relationship where thin lamellae adopt a preferred epitaxial relationship with crossed-chains at the interface. The crossed-chains may allow either crystal to use the other as an "electronic shunt", creating efficient quasi-three-dimensional transport pathways that reduce the severity of grain boundaries and defects in limiting transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Takacs
- Department of Physics, Broida Hall, University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Osuji C, Ferreira PJ, Mao G, Ober CK, Vander Sande JB, Thomas EL. Alignment of Self-Assembled Hierarchical Microstructure in Liquid Crystalline Diblock Copolymers Using High Magnetic Fields. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0483064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chinedum Osuji
- Program in Polymer Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139; 3M Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55125; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712; and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850
| | - Paulo J. Ferreira
- Program in Polymer Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139; 3M Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55125; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712; and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850
| | - Guoping Mao
- Program in Polymer Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139; 3M Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55125; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712; and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850
| | - Christopher K. Ober
- Program in Polymer Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139; 3M Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55125; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712; and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850
| | - John B. Vander Sande
- Program in Polymer Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139; 3M Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55125; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712; and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Program in Polymer Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139; 3M Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55125; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712; and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850
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9
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González-Ronda L, Martin DC. Lattice Bending in Electrooptically Active Poly(nonylbithiazole) and Poly(nonylbisoxazole). Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma025657e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lebzylisbeth González-Ronda
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136
| | - David C. Martin
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136
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12
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Mooney DA, MacElroy JMD. The influence of intramolecular chain dynamics on the diffusion of small penetrants in semicrystalline aromatic polymers. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.479044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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13
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Liao J, Martin DC. Construction and Characterization of [1,6-Di(N-carbazolyl)-2,4-hexadiyne] Diacetylene Polymer Bicrystals. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma950792v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, 2022 H. H. Dow Building, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136
| | - David C. Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, 2022 H. H. Dow Building, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136
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15
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Kamien RD, Nelson DR. Iterated Moiré maps and braiding of chiral polymer crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 74:2499-2502. [PMID: 10057943 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.74.2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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16
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Jackson C, Schadt R, Gardner K, Chase D, Allen S, Gabara V, English A. Dynamic structure and aqueous accessibility of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) crystallites. POLYMER 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(94)90001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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