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Meyer EC, Lamiani G, Uveges M, McLeod-Sordjan R, Mitchell C, Truog RD, Marron JM, Kennedy KO, Ritholz M, Teti SL, Milliken AB. Everyday Clinical Ethics: Essential Skills and Educational Case Scenarios. HEC Forum 2024:10.1007/s10730-024-09533-6. [PMID: 38980646 DOI: 10.1007/s10730-024-09533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Bioethics conjures images of dramatic healthcare challenges, yet everyday clinical ethics issues unfold regularly. Without sufficient ethical awareness and a relevant working skillset, clinicians can feel ill-equipped to respond to the ethical dimensions of everyday care. Bioethicists were interviewed to identify the essential skills associated with everyday clinical ethics and to identify educational case scenarios to illustrate everyday clinical ethics. Individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of bioethicists. Bioethicists were asked: (1) What are the essential skills required for everyday clinical ethics? And (2) What are potential educational case scenarios to illustrate and teach everyday clinical ethics? Participant interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Twenty-five (25) bioethicists completed interviews (64% female; mean 14.76 years bioethics experience; 80% white). Five categories of general skills and three categories of ethics-specific skills essential for everyday clinical ethics were identified. General skills included: (1) Awareness of Core Values and Self-Reflective Capacity; (2) Perspective-Taking and Empathic Presence; (3) Communication and Relational Skills; (4) Cultural Humility and Respect; and (5) Organizational Understanding and Know-How. Ethics-specific skills included: (1) Ethical Awareness; (2) Ethical Knowledge and Literacy; and (3) Ethical Analysis and Interaction. Collectively, these skills comprise a Toolbox of Everyday Clinical Ethics Skills. Educational case scenarios were identified to promote everyday ethics. Bioethicists identified skills essential to everyday clinical ethics. Educational case scenarios were identified for the purpose of promoting proficiency in this domain. Future research could explore the impact of integrating educational case scenarios on clinicians' ethical competencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C Meyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Bioethics, Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Giulia Lamiani
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Melissa Uveges
- Connell School of Nursing, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Renee McLeod-Sordjan
- Division of Medical Ethics, Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, Hofstra Northwell School of Nursing and Physician Assistant Studies and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Christine Mitchell
- Center for Bioethics, Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Robert D Truog
- Center for Bioethics, Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Marron
- Center for Bioethics, Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kerri O Kennedy
- Center for Bioethics, Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Office of Ethics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marilyn Ritholz
- Behavioral Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Aimee B Milliken
- Connell School of Nursing, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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Gelingende Ethik-Lehre in der Medizin. Erkenntnisse aus der Lehrforschung. Ethik Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00481-022-00711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDie Frage nach den Faktoren, die eine wirksame Ethik-Lehre in der Medizin ausmachen, blieb bislang weitgehend unbeantwortet. Vor allem im deutschsprachigen Raum wird hier zu wenig Forschung betrieben. Aufgrund fehlender wissenschaftlich aussagekräftiger Evaluationsstudien lässt sich somit mitunter nur vermuten, wie wirksam bestimmte Lehrformate und -methoden in der Ethik-Lehre tatsächlich sind. Die Auswahl von Lehrformaten und -methoden, die Ethik-Dozierende für das Erreichen eines festgelegten Lernziels einsetzen, wird häufig nicht nach evidenzbasierten Kriterien, sondern auf der Grundlage von guten oder schlechten Lehrerfahrungen sowie von unmittelbarem Feedback der Studierenden getroffen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden nach einem kurzen Überblick über Evaluationsverfahren ethischer Kompetenzen Erkenntnisse aus ausgewählten internationalen Wirksamkeitsstudien vorgestellt und auf ihre Relevanz für den Medizinethik-Unterricht diskutiert. Wenngleich die Erkenntnisse aus diesen Evaluations- und Meta-Studien aus anderen, angrenzenden Bereichen wie der Forschungsethik und anderen Lehrkontexten kommen, so können sie doch als Diskussionsanstoß dienen und dazu beitragen, Eckpunkte für die Gestaltung wirksamer Ethik-Lehre in der Medizin im deutschsprachigen Raum zu definieren.
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Meacham KR, Sloan I, Latessa RA. Practical tips for teaching ethics and humanism to medical students. MEDEDPUBLISH 2022; 12:23. [PMID: 36168537 PMCID: PMC9370080 DOI: 10.12688/mep.19022.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents the results of a decade's experiment in creating a longitudinal ethics and humanism curriculum for the core clinical year at UNC School of Medicine, North Carolina, United States. This curriculum applies published research on best practices in medical ethics education. Sample comments from course evaluations of the students who have completed this curriculum provide support for its success at achieving its desired learning outcomes. To create a similar ethics curriculum in the core clinical year at other medical schools, there are twelve practical tips: preparation: read the research on the ethical challenges for medical students; recruit an interdisciplinary teaching team; create cohorts for this aspect of the curriculum that will stay together for the year; grade only with pass/fail; have the students bring the cases from their clinical experiences; feed them if possible, and structure the time together carefully. Use a narrative ethics methodology and introduce alternative methods for student writing and group process. Connect students with literature in medical humanities and bioethics and encourage publication of their narratives. As with any good creation, the whole is more than the sum of its parts, and each campus can adapt these guidelines for their people and programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine R. Meacham
- Mountain Area Health Education Center, UNC School of Medicine, Asheville campus, Asheville, NC, 28803, USA
| | - Ira Sloan
- Mountain Area Health Education Center, UNC School of Medicine, Asheville campus, Asheville, NC, 28803, USA
| | - Robyn A. Latessa
- Mountain Area Health Education Center, UNC School of Medicine, Asheville campus, Asheville, NC, 28803, USA
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Sabeghi H, Yazdani S, Foroutan SA, Hosseini SM, Afshar L. Value-rich exposures in medical education: phenomenology of practice according to the lived experiences of medical students in Iran. J Med Ethics Hist Med 2022; 14:9. [PMID: 35035797 PMCID: PMC8696577 DOI: 10.18502/jmehm.v14i9.6753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Values predispose people to make the right and especially ethical decisions, and are important for good performance in medical sciences. Students’ lived experiences and the value-rich exposures during their education are some effective means of achieving professional values that help them build their own value frameworks. In this phenomenology of practice study, we aimed to explore and describe the lived experiences of a sample of medical students in Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences regarding their value-rich exposures. In-depth interviews, students’ written stories, recorded video interviews related to past trips and photographs were used to collect data. The data was analyzed based on Van Manen’s thematic analysis method. Five themes emerged from the data: “in the shadow of a supportive mentor”, “a well-orchestrated, value-rich program”, “human interactions in a value system”, “acquiring values in a real-life environment”, “and seeking values in oneself”. Our study identified different dimensions of value-rich exposure based on the lived experiences of medical students and pointed out some issues that medical education planners can consider to improve the quality of value-based education for medical students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakimeh Sabeghi
- PhD Candidate in Medical Education, Virtual School of Medical Education and Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Yazdani
- Professor, Virtual School of Medical Education and Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abbas Foroutan
- Associate Professor, Permanent Member, Academy of Medical Sciences of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Afshar
- Associate Professor, Department of Medical Ethics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Machin LL, Proctor RD. Engaging Tomorrow's Doctors in Clinical Ethics: Implications for Healthcare Organisations. HEALTH CARE ANALYSIS 2020; 29:319-342. [PMID: 32895863 PMCID: PMC8560662 DOI: 10.1007/s10728-020-00403-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical ethics can be viewed as a practical discipline that provides a structured approach to assist healthcare practitioners in identifying, analysing and resolving ethical issues that arise in practice. Clinical ethics can therefore promote ethically sound clinical and organisational practices and decision-making, thereby contributing to health organisation and system quality improvement. In order to develop students’ decision-making skills, as well as prepare them for practice, we decided to introduce a clinical ethics strand within an undergraduate medical curriculum. We designed a programme of clinical ethics activities for teaching and assessment purposes that involved using ethical frameworks to analyse hypothetical and real-life cases in uni- and inter- professional groups. In this paper, we draw on medical student feedback collected over 6 years to illustrate the appeal to students of learning clinical ethics. We also outline the range of benefits for students, healthcare organisations, and the field of clinical ethics arising from tomorrow’s doctors experiencing clinical ethics early in their training. We conclude by briefly reflecting on how including clinical ethics within tomorrow’s doctors curricular can secure and continue future engagement in clinical ethics support services in the UK, alongside the dangers of preparing students for organisational cultures that might not (yet) exist. We anticipate the findings presented in the paper will contribute to wider debates examining the impact of ethics teaching, and its ability to inform future doctors’ practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Machin
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
| | - Robin D Proctor
- University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust, Lancaster, UK
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LGBT+ Health Teaching within the Undergraduate Medical Curriculum. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16132305. [PMID: 31261831 PMCID: PMC6651354 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16132305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT+) population experience health and social inequalities, including discrimination within healthcare services. There is a growing international awareness of the importance of providing healthcare professionals and students with dedicated training on LGBT+ health. Methods: We introduced a compulsory teaching programme in a large London-based medical school, including a visit from a transgender patient. Feedback was collected across four years, before (n = 433) and after (n = 541) the session. Student confidence in using appropriate terminology and performing a clinical assessment on LGBT+ people was assessed with five-point Likert scales. Fisher exact tests were used to compare the proportion responding “agree” or “strongly agree”. Results: Of the students, 95% (CI 93–97%) found the teaching useful with 97% (96–99%) finding the visitor’s input helpful. Confidence using appropriate terminology to describe sexual orientation increased from 62% (58–67%) to 93% (91–95%) (Fisher p < 0.001) and gender identity from 41% (36–46%) to 91% (88–93%) (p < 0.001). Confidence in the clinical assessment of a lesbian, gay or bisexual patient increased from 75% (71–79%) to 93% (90–95%) (p < 0.001), and of a transgender patient from 35% (31–40%) to 84% (80–87%) (p < 0.001). Discussion: This teaching programme, written and delivered in collaboration with the LGBT+ community, increases students’ confidence in using appropriate language related to sexual orientation and gender identity, and in the clinical assessment of LGBT+ patients.
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