1
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Carter-Fenk K, Johnson BA, Herbert JM, Schenter GK, Mundy CJ. Birth of the Hydrated Electron via Charge-Transfer-to-Solvent Excitation of Aqueous Iodide. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:870-878. [PMID: 36657160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A primary means to generate hydrated electrons in laboratory experiments is excitation to the charge-transfer-to-solvent (CTTS) state of a solute such as I-(aq), but this initial step in the genesis of e-(aq) has never been simulated directly using ab initio molecular dynamics. We report the first such simulations, combining ground- and excited-state simulations of I-(aq) with a detailed analysis of fluctuations in the Coulomb potential experienced by the nascent solvated electron. What emerges is a two-step picture of the evolution of e-(aq) starting from the CTTS state: I-(aq) + hν → I-*(aq) → I•(aq) + e-(aq). Notably, the equilibrated ground state of e-(aq) evolves from I-*(aq) without any nonadiabatic transitions, simply as a result of solvent reorganization. The methodology used here should be applicable to other photochemical electron transfer processes in solution, an important class of problems directly relevant to photocatalysis and energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Carter-Fenk
- Physical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99352, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
| | - Britta A Johnson
- Physical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99352, United States
| | - John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
| | - Gregory K Schenter
- Physical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99352, United States
| | - Christopher J Mundy
- Physical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99352, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
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2
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Li X, Jia X, Paz ASP, Cao Y, Glover WJ. Evidence for Water Antibonding Orbital Mixing in the Hydrated Electron from Its Oxygen 1s X-ray Absorption Spectrum. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19668-19672. [PMID: 36251402 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The X-ray absorption spectrum (XAS) of the hydrated electron (e(aq)-) has been simulated using time-dependent density functional theory with a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics description. A unique XAS peak at 533 eV is observed with an energy and intensity in quantitative agreement with recent time-resolved experiments, allowing its assignment as arising from water O1s transitions to the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) in which the excess electron resides. The transitions acquire oscillator strength due to the SOMO comprising an admixture of a cavity-localized orbital and water 4a1 and 2b2 antibonding orbitals. The mixing of antibonding orbitals has implications for the strength of couplings between e(aq)- and intramolecular modes of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingpin Li
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai, 200122, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshang Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York10003, United States
| | - Xiangyu Jia
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai, 200122, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshang Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Amiel S P Paz
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai, 200122, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshang Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York10003, United States
| | - Yuquan Cao
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai, 200122, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshang Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York10003, United States
| | - William J Glover
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai, 200122, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshang Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York10003, United States
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3
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Singh P, Zhang J, Ghalgaoui A, Reimann K, Fingerhut BP, Woerner M, Elsaesser T. Coherent polaron dynamics of electrons solvated in polar liquids. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac078. [PMID: 36741462 PMCID: PMC9896902 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An electron solvated in a polar liquid is an elementary quantum system with properties governed by electric interactions with a fluctuating molecular environment. In the prevailing single particle picture, the quantum ground and excited states are determined by a self-consistent potential, as defined by the particular local configuration of the solvation shell. This description neglects collective many-body excitations, which arise from the coupling of electronic degrees of freedom and nuclear motions of the environment. While recent experiments have demonstrated collective nonequilbrium electronic-nuclear motion, i.e. polaron excitations in liquid water, their relevance in the broader context of polar liquids has remained unexplored. Here, we study the nonequilibrium dielectric response of the, compared to water, less polar alcohols isopropanol, and ethylene glycol, that also display a different hydrogen bond pattern. We demonstrate that ultrafast relaxation of photogenerated electrons impulsively induces coherent charge oscillations, which persist for some 10 ps. They emit electric waves in a frequency range from 0.1 to 2 THz, depending on electron concentration. Oscillation frequencies and line shapes are reproduced by a unified polaron picture for alcohols and water, which is based on a Clausius-Mossotti local field approach for the THz dielectric function. The analysis suggests a longitudinal character of many-body polaron excitations and a weak coupling to transverse excitations, supported by the underdamped character of charge oscillations. Polaron dynamics are governed by the long-range Coulomb interaction between an excess electron and several thousands of polar solvent molecules, while local electron solvation geometries play a minor role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed Ghalgaoui
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Klaus Reimann
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Benjamin P Fingerhut
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Michael Woerner
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Berlin 12489, Germany
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4
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Woerner M, Fingerhut BP, Elsaesser T. Field-Induced Electron Generation in Water: Solvation Dynamics and Many-Body Interactions. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2621-2634. [PMID: 35380042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The solvated electron represents an elementary quantum system in a liquid environment. Electrons solvated in water have raised strong interest because of their prototypical properties, their role in radiation chemistry, and their relevance for charge separation and transport. Nonequilibrium dynamics of photogenerated electrons in water occur on ultrafast time scales and include charge transfer, localization, and energy dissipation processes. We present new insight into the role of fluctuating electric fields of the liquid for generating electrons in the presence of an external terahertz field and address polaronic many-body properties of solvated electrons. This Perspective combines a review of recent results from experiment and theory with a discussion of basic electric interactions of electrons in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Woerner
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin P Fingerhut
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Elsaesser
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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5
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Shen Z, Peng S, Glover WJ. Flexible boundary layer using exchange for embedding theories. II. QM/MM dynamics of the hydrated electron. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:224113. [PMID: 34911320 DOI: 10.1063/5.0067861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The FlexiBLE embedding method introduced in Paper I [Z. Shen and W. J. Glover, J. Chem. Phys. 155, 224112 (2021)] is applied to explore the structure and dynamics of the aqueous solvated electron at an all-electron density functional theory Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics level. Compared to a one-electron mixed quantum/classical description, we find the dynamics of the many-electron model of the hydrated electron exhibits enhanced coupling to water OH stretch modes. Natural bond orbital analysis reveals this coupling is due to significant population of water OH σ* orbitals, reaching 20%. Based on this, we develop a minimal frontier orbital picture of the hydrated electron involving a cavity orbital and important coupling to 4-5 coordinating OH σ* orbitals. Implications for the interpretation of the spectroscopy of this interesting species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuofan Shen
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Ave., Shanghai 200122, China
| | - Shaoting Peng
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Ave., Shanghai 200122, China
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6
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Carter-Fenk K, Mundy CJ, Herbert JM. Natural Charge-Transfer Analysis: Eliminating Spurious Charge-Transfer States in Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory via Diabatization, with Application to Projection-Based Embedding. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:4195-4210. [PMID: 34189922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
For many types of vertical excitation energies, linear-response time-dependent density functional theory (LR-TDDFT) offers a useful degree of accuracy combined with unrivaled computational efficiency, although charge-transfer excitation energies are often systematically and dramatically underestimated, especially for large systems and those that contain explicit solvent. As a result, low-energy electronic spectra of solution-phase chromophores often contain tens to hundreds of spurious charge-transfer states, making LR-TDDFT needlessly expensive in bulk solution. Intensity borrowing by these spurious states can affect intensities of the valence excitations, altering electronic bandshapes. At higher excitation energies, it is difficult to distinguish spurious charge-transfer states from genuine charge-transfer-to-solvent (CTTS) excitations. In this work, we introduce an automated diabatization that enables fast and effective screening of the CTTS acceptor space in bulk solution. Our procedure introduces "natural charge-transfer orbitals" that provide a means to isolate orbitals that are most likely to participate in a CTTS excitation. Projection of these orbitals onto solvent-centered virtual orbitals provides a criterion for defining the most important solvent molecules in a given excitation and be used as an automated subspace selection algorithm for projection-based embedding of a high-level description of the CTTS state in a lower-level description of its environment. We apply this method to an ab initio molecular dynamics trajectory of I-(aq) and report the lowest-energy CTTS band in the absorption spectrum. Our results are in excellent agreement with the experiment, and only one-third of the water molecules in the I-(H2O)96 simulation cell need to be described with LR-TDDFT to obtain excitation energies that are converged to <0.1 eV. The tools introduced herein will improve the accuracy, efficiency, and usability of LR-TDDFT in solution-phase environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Carter-Fenk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christopher J Mundy
- Physical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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7
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Structure and spectrum of the hydrated electron. A combined quantum chemical statistical mechanical simulation. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Abstract
The partial molar volume of the hydrated electron was investigated with pulse radiolysis and transient absorption by measuring the pressure dependence of the equilibrium constant for e-aq + NH4+ ⇔ H + NH3. At 2 kbar pressure, the equilibrium constant decreases relative to 1 bar by only 6%. Using tabulated molar volumes for ammonia and ammonium, we have the result V̅(e-aq) - V̅(H) = 11.3 cm3/mol at 25 °C, confirming that V̅(e-aq) is positive and even larger than the hydrophobic H atom. Assuming on the basis of recent molecular dynamics simulations that the molar volume of the H atom is somewhat less than that of H2, we estimate V̅(e-aq) = 26 ± 6 cm3/mol. The positive molar volume is consistent with an electron that exists largely in a small solvent void (cavity), ruling out a recent model ( Larsen , R. E. ; Glover , W. J. ; Schwartz , B. J. Science 2010 , 329 , 65 - 69 ) that suggests a noncavity structure with negative molar volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz Janik
- Radiation Laboratory , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Alexandra Lisovskaya
- Radiation Laboratory , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - David M Bartels
- Radiation Laboratory , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
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9
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Holden ZC, Rana B, Herbert JM. Analytic gradient for the QM/MM-Ewald method using charges derived from the electrostatic potential: Theory, implementation, and application to ab initio molecular dynamics simulation of the aqueous electron. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:144115. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5089673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C. Holden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Bhaskar Rana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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10
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Abstract
Electron attachment onto water clusters to form water cluster anions is studied by varying the point of electron attachment along a molecular beam axis and probing the produced cluster anions using photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that the point of electron attachment has a clear effect on the final distribution of isomers for a cluster containing 78 water molecules, with isomer I formed preferentially near the start of the expansion and isomer II formed preferentially once the molecular beam has progressed for several millimeters. These changes can be accounted for by the cluster growth rate along the beam. Near the start of the expansion, cluster growth is proceeding rapidly with condensing water molecules solvating the electron, while further along the expansion, the growth has terminated and electrons are attached to large and cold preformed clusters, leading to the isomer associated with a loosely bound surface state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Lietard
- Department of Chemistry , Durham University , Durham DH1 3LE , United Kingdom
| | - Jan R R Verlet
- Department of Chemistry , Durham University , Durham DH1 3LE , United Kingdom
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11
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Abstract
A cavity or excluded-volume structure best explains the experimental properties of the aqueous or “hydrated” electron.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
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12
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Liu G, Landry C, Ghandi K. Prediction of rate constants of important chemical reactions in water radiation chemistry in sub and supercritical water – non-equilibrium reactions. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The rate constants for reactions involved in the radiolysis of water under relevant thermodynamic conditions in supercritical water-cooled reactors are estimated for inputs in simulations of the radiation chemistry in Generation IV nuclear reactors. We have discussed the mechanism of each chemical reaction with a focus on non-equilibrium reactions. We found most of the reactions are activation controlled above the critical point and that the rate constants are not significantly pressure dependent below 300 °C. This work will aid industry with developing chemical control strategies to suppress the concentration of eroding species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdong Liu
- Department of Physics, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1E2, Canada
| | - Cody Landry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1E2, Canada
| | - Khashayar Ghandi
- Department of Physics, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1E2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1E2, Canada
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13
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Farr EP, Zho CC, Challa JR, Schwartz BJ. Temperature dependence of the hydrated electron’s excited-state relaxation. II. Elucidating the relaxation mechanism through ultrafast transient absorption and stimulated emission spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:074504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4985906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erik P. Farr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
| | - Chen-Chen Zho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
| | - Jagannadha R. Challa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Marc P. Coons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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15
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Gunina AO, Krylov AI. Probing Electronic Wave Functions of Sodium-Doped Clusters: Dyson Orbitals, Anisotropy Parameters, and Ionization Cross-Sections. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9841-9856. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b10098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia O. Gunina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
| | - Anna I. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
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16
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Walker JA, Bartels DM. A Simple ab Initio Model for the Solvated Electron in Methanol. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:7240-7. [PMID: 27599299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b07955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The solvation structure of a solvated electron in methanol is investigated with ab initio calculations of small anion methanol clusters in a polarized dielectric continuum. We find that the lowest-energy structure in best agreement with experiment, calculated with CCSD, MP2, and B3LYP methods with aug-cc-pvdz basis set, is a tetrahedral arrangement of four methanol molecules with OH bonds oriented toward the center. The optimum distance from the tetrahedron center to the hydroxyl protons is ∼1.8 Å, significantly smaller than previous estimates. We are able to reproduce experimental radius of gyration Rg (deduced from optical absorption), vertical detachment energy, and resonance Raman frequencies. The electron paramagnetic resonance g-factor shift is qualitatively reproduced using density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Walker
- Radiation Laboratory and Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Notre Dame University , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - D M Bartels
- Radiation Laboratory and Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Notre Dame University , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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17
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Coons MP, You ZQ, Herbert JM. The Hydrated Electron at the Surface of Neat Liquid Water Appears To Be Indistinguishable from the Bulk Species. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10879-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc P. Coons
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Zhi-Qiang You
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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18
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Elkins MH, Williams HL, Neumark DM. Isotope effect on hydrated electron relaxation dynamics studied with time-resolved liquid jet photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:184503. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4948546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline H. Elkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Holly L. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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19
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Turi L. Hydrated Electrons in Water Clusters: Inside or Outside, Cavity or Noncavity? J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 11:1745-55. [PMID: 26889512 DOI: 10.1021/ct501160k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we compare the applicability of three electron–water molecule pseudopotentials in modeling the physical properties of hydrated electrons. Quantum model calculations illustrate that the recently suggested Larsen–Glover–Schwartz (LGS) model and its modified m-LGS version have a too-attractive potential in the vicinity of the oxygen. As a result, LGS models predict a noncavity hydrated electron structure in clusters at room temperature, as seen from mixed one-electron quantum–classical molecular dynamics simulations of water cluster anions, with the electron localizing exclusively in the interior of the clusters. Comparative calculations using the cavity-preferring Turi–Borgis (TB) model predict interior-state and surface-state cluster isomers. The computed associated physical properties are also analyzed and compared to available experimental data. We find that the LGS and m-LGS potentials provide results that appear to be inconsistent with the size dependence of the experimental data. The simulated TB tendencies are qualitatively correct. Furthermore, ab initio calculations on static LGS noncavity structures indicate weak stabilization of the excess electron in regions where the LGS potential preferably and strongly binds the electron. TB calculations give stabilization energies that are in line with the ab initio results. In conclusion, we observe that the cavity-preferring pseudopotential model predicts cluster physical properties in better agreement with experimental data and ab initio calculations than the models predicting noncavity structures for the hydrated electron.
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20
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Yamamoto YI, Karashima S, Adachi S, Suzuki T. Wavelength Dependence of UV Photoemission from Solvated Electrons in Bulk Water, Methanol, and Ethanol. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:1153-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b09601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yo-ichi Yamamoto
- Department
of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shutaro Karashima
- Department
of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Adachi
- Department
of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department
of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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21
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de Koning M, Fazzio A, da Silva AJR, Antonelli A. On the nature of the solvated electron in ice Ih. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:4652-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06229b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The water-solvated excess electron (EE) is a key chemical agent whose hallmark signature, its asymmetric optical absorption spectrum, continues to be a topic of debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice de Koning
- Instituto de Física ‘Gleb Wataghin’
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas
- Campinas-SP
- Brazil
| | | | | | - Alex Antonelli
- Instituto de Física ‘Gleb Wataghin’
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas
- Campinas-SP
- Brazil
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22
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Janesko BG, Scalmani G, Frisch MJ. Quantifying Electron Delocalization in Electrides. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 12:79-91. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G. Janesko
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Giovanni Scalmani
- Gaussian,
Inc., 340 Quinnipiac Street Building
40, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Michael J. Frisch
- Gaussian,
Inc., 340 Quinnipiac Street Building
40, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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23
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Šmídová D, Lengyel J, Pysanenko A, Med J, Slavíček P, Fárník M. Reactivity of Hydrated Electron in Finite Size System: Sodium Pickup on Mixed N2O-Water Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:2865-2869. [PMID: 26267171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the reactivity of hydrated electron generated by alkali metal deposition on small water particles with nitrous oxide dopant by means of mass spectrometry and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The mixed nitrous oxide/water clusters were generated in a molecular beam and doped with Na atoms in a pickup experiment, and investigated by mass spectrometry using two different ionization schemes: an electron ionization (EI), and UV photoionization after the Na doping (NaPI). The NaPI is a soft-ionization nondestructive method, especially for water clusters provided that a hydrated electron es– is formed in the cluster. The missing signal for the doped clusters indicates that the hydrated electron is not present in the N2O containing clusters. The simulations reveal that the hydrated electron is formed, but it immediately reacts with N2O, forming first N2O– radical anion, later O–, and finally an OH• and OH– pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Šmídová
- †J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Lengyel
- †J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Andriy Pysanenko
- †J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Med
- ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Fárník
- †J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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24
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Herbert JM. The Quantum Chemistry of Loosely-Bound Electrons. REVIEWS IN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118889886.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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25
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Herr JD, Talbot J, Steele RP. Structural Progression in Clusters of Ionized Water, (H2O)n=1–5+. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:752-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jp509698y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Herr
- Henry Eyring
Center for Theoretical
Chemistry, Thatcher Building for Biological and Biophysical Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Justin Talbot
- Henry Eyring
Center for Theoretical
Chemistry, Thatcher Building for Biological and Biophysical Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ryan P. Steele
- Henry Eyring
Center for Theoretical
Chemistry, Thatcher Building for Biological and Biophysical Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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26
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Janesko BG, Scalmani G, Frisch MJ. Quantifying solvated electrons' delocalization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:18305-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01967b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electron delocalization range EDR(r;uav) (left) captures the spin density (right) of an electron delocalized over uav = 5.77 Å on the surface of an (H2O)20− cluster.
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27
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Liu J, Cukier RI, Bu Y, Shang Y. Glucose-Promoted Localization Dynamics of Excess Electrons in Aqueous Glucose Solution Revealed by Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulation. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:4189-97. [PMID: 26588118 DOI: 10.1021/ct500238k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations reveal that an excess electron (EE) can be more efficiently localized as a cavity-shaped state in aqueous glucose solution (AGS) than in water. Compared with that (∼1.5 ps) in water, the localization time is shortened by ∼0.7-1.2 ps in three AGSs (0.56, 1.12, and 2.87 M). Although the radii of gyration of the solvated EEs are all close to 2.6 Å in the four solutions, the solvated EE cavities in the AGSs become more compact and can localize ∼80% of an EE, which is considerably larger than that (∼40-60% and occasionally ∼80%) in water. These observations are attributed to a modification of the hydrogen-bonded network by the introduction of glucose molecules into water. The water acts as a promoter and stabilizer, by forming voids around glucose molecules and, in this fashion, favoring the localization of an EE with high efficiency. This study provides important information about EEs in physiological AGSs and suggests a new strategy to efficiently localize an EE in a stable cavity for further exploration of biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Liu
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University , Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Robert I Cukier
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University , East Lansing, 48224-1322, United States
| | - Yuxiang Bu
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University , Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yuan Shang
- National Supercomputer Center in Jinan, Jinan, 250101, China
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28
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Suzuki T. Nonadiabatic Electronic Dynamics in Isolated Molecules and in Solution Studied by Ultrafast Time–Energy Mapping of Photoelectron Distributions. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20130272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN
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29
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Uhlig F, Herbert JM, Coons MP, Jungwirth P. Optical Spectroscopy of the Bulk and Interfacial Hydrated Electron from Ab Initio Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:7507-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5004243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Uhlig
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - John M. Herbert
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Marc P. Coons
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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30
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Radtke V, Himmel D, Pütz K, Goll SK, Krossing I. The Protoelectric Potential Map (PPM): An Absolute Two-Dimensional Chemical Potential Scale for a Global Understanding of Chemistry. Chemistry 2014; 20:4194-211. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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31
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Johnson ER, Otero-de-la-Roza A, Dale SG. Extreme density-driven delocalization error for a model solvated-electron system. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:184116. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4829642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Sommerfeld T. Method for Visualizing and Quantifying the Nonvalence Character of Excess Electrons. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:4866-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ct400786n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sommerfeld
- Department of Chemistry and
Physics, Southeastern Louisiana University, SLU 10878, Hammond, Louisiana 70402, United States
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33
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Gordon MS, Smith QA, Xu P, Slipchenko LV. Accurate first principles model potentials for intermolecular interactions. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2013; 64:553-78. [PMID: 23561011 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040412-110031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The general effective fragment potential (EFP) method provides model potentials for any molecule that is derived from first principles, with no empirically fitted parameters. The EFP method has been interfaced with most currently used ab initio single-reference and multireference quantum mechanics (QM) methods, ranging from Hartree-Fock and coupled cluster theory to multireference perturbation theory. The most recent innovations in the EFP model have been to make the computationally expensive charge transfer term much more efficient and to interface the general EFP dispersion and exchange repulsion interactions with QM methods. Following a summary of the method and its implementation in generally available computer programs, these most recent new developments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
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34
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Suzuki T. Visualization of chemical reaction dynamics: toward understanding complex polyatomic reactions. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2013; 89:1-15. [PMID: 23318678 PMCID: PMC3610866 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.89.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyatomic molecules have several electronic states that have similar energies. Consequently, their chemical dynamics often involve nonadiabatic transitions between multiple potential energy surfaces. Elucidating the complex reactions of polyatomic molecules is one of the most important tasks of theoretical and experimental studies of chemical dynamics. This paper describes our recent experimental studies of the multidimensional multisurface dynamics of polyatomic molecules based on two-dimensional ion/electron imaging. It also discusses ultrafast photoelectron spectroscopy of liquids for elucidating nonadiabatic electronic dynamics in aqueous solutions. (Communicated by Hiroo INOKUCHI, M.J.A.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University.
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35
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Shreve AT, Elkins MH, Neumark DM. Photoelectron spectroscopy of solvated electrons in alcohol and acetonitrile microjets. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc22063j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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36
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Sommerfeld T, Dreux KM. Characterizing the excess electron of Li(NH3)4. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:244302. [PMID: 23277931 DOI: 10.1063/1.4772018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sommerfeld
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southeastern Louisiana University, SLU 10878, Hammond, Louisiana 70402, USA.
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37
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Uhlig F, Marsalek O, Jungwirth P. Unraveling the Complex Nature of the Hydrated Electron. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:3071-3075. [PMID: 26292252 DOI: 10.1021/jz301449f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the hydrated electron, which is a key species in radiative processes in water, has remained elusive. The traditional cavity model has been questioned recently, but the newly suggested picture of an electron delocalized over a region of enhanced water density is controversial. Here, we present results from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, where not only the excess electron but also the valence electrons of the surrounding water molecules are described quantum mechanically. Unlike in previous one-electron pseudopotential calculations, many-electron interactions are explicitly accounted for. The present approach allows for partitioning of the electron solvated in liquid water into contributions from an inner cavity, neighboring water molecules, and a diffuse tail. We demonstrate that all three of these contributions are sizable and, consequently, important, which underlines the complex nature of the hydrated electron and warns against oversimplified interpretations based on pseudopotential models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Uhlig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Marsalek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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38
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Turi L, Rossky PJ. Theoretical studies of spectroscopy and dynamics of hydrated electrons. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5641-74. [PMID: 22954423 DOI: 10.1021/cr300144z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- László Turi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
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40
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Suzuki T. Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of non-adiabatic electronic dynamics in gas and liquid phases. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2012.699346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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41
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Nardone M, Karpov VG. A phenomenological theory of nonphotochemical laser induced nucleation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:13601-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41880k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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42
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Herbert JM, Jacobson LD. Structure of the aqueous electron: assessment of one-electron pseudopotential models in comparison to experimental data and time-dependent density functional theory. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:14470-83. [PMID: 22032635 DOI: 10.1021/jp206391d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevailing structural paradigm for the aqueous electron is that of an s-like ground-state wave function that inhabits a quasi-spherical solvent cavity, a viewpoint that is supported by numerous atomistic simulations using various one-electron pseudopotential models. This conceptual picture has recently been challenged, however, on the basis of results obtained from a new electron-water pseudopotential model that predicts a more delocalized wave function and no well-defined solvent cavity. Here, we examine this new model in comparison to two alternative, cavity-forming pseudopotential models. We find that the cavity-forming models are far more consistent with the experimental data for the electron's radius of gyration, optical absorption spectrum, and vertical electron binding energy. Calculations of the absorption spectrum using time-dependent density functional theory are in quantitative or semiquantitative agreement with experiment when the solvent geometries are obtained from the cavity-forming pseudopotential models, but differ markedly from experiment when geometries that do not form a cavity are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States.
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43
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Jacobson LD, Herbert JM. Theoretical Characterization of Four Distinct Isomer Types in Hydrated-Electron Clusters, and Proposed Assignments for Photoelectron Spectra of Water Cluster Anions. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:19889-99. [PMID: 22026436 DOI: 10.1021/ja208024p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leif D. Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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44
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Krise KM, Milosavljevic BH. Effects of microviscosity, dry electron scavenging, and protein mobility on the radiolysis of albumen hydrogel. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:11964-9. [PMID: 21910491 DOI: 10.1021/jp207067q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanosecond pulse radiolysis experiments performed on the oxygen and nitrogen saturated thick fraction of egg white (which has an immeasurably high macroviscosity) produced a rate constant for hydrated electron reaction with oxygen equal to 1.7 × 10(10) M(-1) s(-1) at 18 °C, indicating that, due to the very low microviscosity, hydrated electrons are as mobile and reactive in the albumen hydrogel as in neat water. Also, the radiolytic yield for the hydrated electron (G-value) in the thick fraction of egg white (measured at the end of a 14 ns electron pulse) was found to be 86% of that determined in neat water, which can be attributed to the reaction of dry electrons with the protein constituents. Steady-state γ radiolysis studies on air-saturated thick and thin fraction (true solution) revealed that the immobility of egg white proteins disfavors reactions that result in molecular mass change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Krise
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Research Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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45
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Jacobson LD, Herbert JM. A Simple Algorithm for Determining Orthogonal, Self-Consistent Excited-State Wave Functions for a State-Specific Hamiltonian: Application to the Optical Spectrum of the Aqueous Electron. J Chem Theory Comput 2011; 7:2085-93. [DOI: 10.1021/ct200265t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leif D. Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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46
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Bravaya KB, Khrenova MG, Grigorenko BL, Nemukhin AV, Krylov AI. Effect of Protein Environment on Electronically Excited and Ionized States of the Green Fluorescent Protein Chromophore. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:8296-303. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia B. Bravaya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
| | - Maria G. Khrenova
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Bella L. Grigorenko
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Nemukhin
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Anna I. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
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47
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Larsen RE, Glover WJ, Schwartz BJ. Response to Comments on “Does the Hydrated Electron Occupy a Cavity?”. Science 2011. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1197884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross E. Larsen
- Center for Scientific Computing, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401–3305, USA
| | - William J. Glover
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305–5080, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1569, USA
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