Expression of p53, Bcl-2 and Bax in endometrial carcinoma, endometrial hyperplasia and normal endometrium: a histopathological study

Chronic Endometritis and Endometriosis: Two Sides of the Same Coin?

Both chronic endometritis and endometriosis are common entities in infertile patients. The association and the co-existence of these two entities are poorly evaluated. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the association between chronic endometritis and endometriosis and to find the prevalence of chronic endometritis in women with endometriosis. A systematic electronic search was conducted using the MEDLINE, Scopus and Cochrane databases up to May 2022. Observational studies which examined the prevalence of chronic endometritis in women with endometriosis were included. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for the quality assessment. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for dichotomous outcomes and pooled prevalences with 95% CIs were calculated. 855 studies were identified, of which six studies were included in the systematic review and five in the meta-analysis. The prevalence of chronic endometritis in women with endometriosis was 28%, with higher frequency observed in women with endometriosis rASRM stage III-IV (43%) in comparison to women with endometriosis rASRM stage I-II (25%). The meta-analysis showed a significantly higher chronic endometritis in women with endometriosis in comparison to the control group (five studies, 264 endometriosis vs. 435 control, OR = 2.07; 95% CI 1.11-3.84, I2 43%, p = 0.02). The present meta-analysis showed a significantly higher risk of chronic endometritis in women with endometriosis in comparison to the control group. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the causes and consequences of endometriosis and chronic endometritis and may help in the development of more efficient treatment strategies for women with associated infertility.

Integrated network pharmacology and metabolomics reveal the action mechanisms of vincristine combined with celastrol against colon cancer

Colon cancer is associated with a high mortality rate. Vincristine (VCR) is a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug. Celastrol (CEL) is an effective component which exerts inhibitory effects on colon cancer. Combination treatment improves resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and enhances their efficacy. Therefore, we aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms of VCR combined with CEL in colon cancer treatment. We verified the effects of VCR combined with CEL on the proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis of HCT-8 cells. Non-targeted metabolomic techniques were used to analyse the changes in cellular metabolites after administration. Finally, network pharmacology technology was used to screen the potential targets and pathways. VCR combined with CEL had synergistic inhibitory effects on HCT-8 colon cancer cells. Cell metabolomics identified 12 metabolites enriched in metabolic pathways, such as the phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis pathways. Network pharmacology revealed that MAPK1, AKT1, PIK3CB, EGFR, and VEGFA were the key targets. Western blotting revealed that VCR combined with CEL activated the P53 pathway by suppressing the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway activation and Bcl-2 expression, promoting the Bax expression. Therefore, VCR combined with CEL potentially treats colon cancer by increasing the apoptosis, improving energy metabolism, and inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway in colon cancer cells.

Natural products modulate cell apoptosis: a promising way for treating endometrial cancer

Endometrial cancer (EC) is a prevalent epithelial malignancy in the uterine corpus's endometrium and myometrium. Regulating apoptosis of endometrial cancer cells has been a promising approach for treating EC. Recent in-vitro and in-vivo studies show that numerous extracts and monomers from natural products have pro-apoptotic properties in EC. Therefore, we have reviewed the current studies regarding natural products in modulating the apoptosis of EC cells and summarized their potential mechanisms. The potential signaling pathways include the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) mediated apoptotic pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) mediated apoptotic pathway, NF-κB-mediated apoptotic pathway, PI3K/AKT/mTOR mediated apoptotic pathway, the p21-mediated apoptotic pathway, and other reported pathways. This review focuses on the importance of natural products in treating EC and provides a foundation for developing natural products-based anti-EC agents.

Protective effect of eicosapentaenoic acid against estradiol valerate-induced endometrial hyperplasia via modulation of NF-κB/HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway in rats

BACKGROUND

Early diagnosis and treatment of endometrial hyperplasia (EH) remains mandatory for endometrial cancer (EC) prevention.

OBJECTIVE

To study the possible protective effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in EH - induced by estradiol valerate (EV) in rats.

METHODS/MATERIALS

Adult female Wistar rats were given EV with or without EPA for 10 days. The uterine changes were evaluated by both physical (weight index) and histopathological methods. The markers of oxidative stress (Uterine malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) as well as serum estradiol and progesterone levels, and apoptosis (uterine caspase-3) were determined. Immunohistochemical estimations of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in addition to hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) immunoblotting were measured in uterine tissue.

KEY FINDINGS

EV showed significant increase in uterine weight index that is accompanied with histopatholigical evidences of EH. Such changes were associated with significant alterations in oxidative stress markers, modulation of estradiol and progesterone serum levels, an increase in HIF-1α, NF-κB and VEGF immuno-expressions and a significant decrease in caspase-3. EPA, in either dose, showed significant amelioration in uterine weight index as well as in histopathological changes. Such effect was accompanied with significant improvement in the measured hormonal levels, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory parameters.

CONCLUSIONS

EPA in the used doses provided biochemical and histopathological improvement in EV-induced EH via modulation of NF-κB/HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway.

Tastin promotes non-small-cell lung cancer progression through the ErbB4, PI3K/AKT, and ERK1/2 pathways

Tastin might be involved in tumorigenesis, but its role in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been adequately explored. This work aimed to examine tastin's role in NSCLC and to explore the underlying mechanism. The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Gene Expression Database of Normal and Tumor tissues (GENT), and Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases were used. Four GEO datasets (GSE81089, GSE40419, GSE74706, and GSE19188) containing gene expression data for NSCLC and normal tissue samples were analyzed for tastin mRNA expression. Tastin expression levels in different tissues were compared using the GENT website. TCGA biolinks were used to download gene expression quantification (n = 594) and overall survival data (n = 535). In total, 30 lung adenocarcinoma and 25 lung squamous cell carcinoma cases were enrolled. In addition, four-week-old male BALB/c nude mice (n = 9/group) were used to establish xenograft mouse models. Furthermore, cultured HEK293T, A549, and NCI-H226 cells assessed. Immunoblot, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, lentiviral transduction, and MTT, colony formation, wound healing, and Transwell assays were carried out. Tastin expression levels were markedly increased in NSCLC tumor tissue specimens and correlated with a poorer prognosis. Silencing of tastin inhibited the proliferative and migratory abilities of NSCLC cells. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that tastin interacts with ErbB4. The PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 downstream pathways were suppressed in tastin-deficient cells. In conclusion, tastin might be involved in NSCLC growth and invasion and is a potential therapeutic target in NSCLC.

The propofol-induced mitochondrial damage in fetal rat hippocampal neurons via the AMPK/P53 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Propofol is a commonly used general anesthetic that may cause neuronal damage, especially in infants and young children. Mitochondria play an essential role in cellular metabolism and signal transduction. Propofol may cause neurotoxicity by inhibiting mitochondrial function, but the mechanism by this which occurs remains unclear.

METHODS

First, the primary rat hippocampal neurons were cultured for 7 days in vitro. The neurons were incubated with propofol at different times or different concentrations, and then the adenosine triphosphate (ATP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis-related proteins were analyzed. Based on the results of the 1st phase, the neurons were then incubated with propofol (100 µM) or corresponding reagents, including 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide, tenovin-1, and pifithrin-α. Subsequently, the ATP, ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential, phospho-adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), protein 53 (p53), and related apoptosis proteins were analyzed.

RESULTS

Higher propofol concentrations or longer incubation times were associated with more pronounced decreases in ATP, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and mitochondrial membrane potential, and more pronounced increases in ROS, BCL2-associated X (Bax), Cytochrome C (CytC), and cleaved caspase-9. Additionally, after incubation with propofol (100 µM), neuronal Bcl-2, p-AMPK, ATP, and mitochondrial membrane potential were downregulated, and ROS, p53, CytC, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-9 were upregulated. AMPK activators or p53 inhibitors reversed the above-mentioned changes.

CONCLUSIONS

Propofol (100 µM)-induced mitochondrial damage in fetal rat hippocampal neurons may be mediated by the AMPK/p53 signaling pathway. Propofol (100 µM) was shown to inhibit the activity of AMPK in neurons, upregulate the expression of p53, and then activate the mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis pathway, which may lead to neuronal apoptosis.

Potential Gonado-Protective Effect of Cichorium endivia and Its Major Phenolic Acids against Methotrexate-Induced Testicular Injury in Mice

Cichorium endivia L. (Asteraceae) is a wide edible plant that grows in the Mediterranean region. In this study, a phytochemical investigation of C. endivia L. ethanolic extract led to the isolation of stigmasterol (1), ursolic acid (2), β-amyrin (3), azelaic acid (4), vanillic acid (5), (6S, 7E)-6-hydroxy-4,7-megastigmadien-3,9-dione (S(+)-dehydrovomifoliol) (6), 4-hydroxy phenyl acetic acid (7), vomifoliol (8), ferulic acid (9), protocatechuic acid (10), kaempferol (11), p. coumaric acid (12), and luteolin (13). In addition, the total phenolic content as well as the in vitro antioxidant activity of C. endivia L. extract were estimated. Moreover, we inspected the potential gonado-protective effect of C. endivia crude extract, its phenolic fraction, and the isolated coumaric, vanillic, and ferulic acids against methotrexate (MTX)-induced testicular injury in mice. There were seven groups: normal control, MTX control, MTX + C. endivia crude extract, MTX + C. endivia phenolic fraction, MTX + isolated coumaric acid, MTX + isolated vanillic acid, and MTX + isolated ferulic acid. MTX was given by i.p. injection of a 20 mg/kg single dose. The crude extract and phenolic fraction were given with a dose of 100 mg/kg/day, whereas the compounds were given at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day. A histopathological examination was done. The testosterone level was detected in serum together with the testicular content of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated x protein (Bax), p53, and miR-29a. C. endivia crude extract, the phenolic fraction, and the isolated compounds showed significant elevation in their levels of testosterone, CAT, SOD, Bcl-2 with a significant decrease in their levels of MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB, Bax, P53, and miR-29a compared to those of the MTX control group. In conclusion, C. endivia mitigated MTX-induced germ cell toxicity via anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects.

CircWDR26 regulates endometrial carcinoma progression via miR-212-3p-mediated typing genes MSH2

Background

Circular RNAs (circRNA) are important in mediating tumor progression, but their roles in endometrial carcinoma (EC) are not fully understood yet. Many circRNAs are dysregulated and may contribute to EC progression. The functions of circWDR26 in EC remain unknown.

Methods

The expression of circWDR26 in EC and adjacent normal tissues, and cell lines was determined by qPCR. The proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of EC cells was examined by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, wound healing assay and Transwell assay. The interaction between circWDR26, MSH2 and miR-212-3p was determined by luciferase assay. EC cells were inoculated into nude mice and tumor burden was determined by measuring tumor dimensions, size, and weight. The proliferative marker Ki67 in EC tissue was determined by immunohistochemistry.

Results

The expression of circWDR26 in EC tissues or cell lines was higher than in the normal tissue or endometrial epithelial cells. Downregulation of circWDR26 resulted in attenuated proliferation, increased apoptosis, reduced migration and invasion of EC cells. Mechanistically, circWDR26 targeted and suppressed the expression of miR-212-3p. We further found that MSH2 was the novel target of miR-212-3p and was upregulated by circWDR26 via inhibiting miR-212-3p. In vivo experiment demonstrated that circWDR26 was essential for EC tumor growth.

Conclusion

circWDR26 promoted EC progression by regulating miR-212-3p/MSH2 axis and provided novel insights into anti-cancer treatment.

Piceatannol SNEDDS Attenuates Estradiol-Induced Endometrial Hyperplasia in Rats by Modulation of NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 Axes

Endometrial hyperplasia (EH) is the most common risk factor for endometrial malignancy in females. The pathogenesis of EH has been directly linked to uterine inflammation, which can result in abnormal cell division and decreased apoptosis. Piceatannol (PIC), a natural polyphenolic stilbene, is known to exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities. The aim of the present study was to examine the potential preventive role of PIC in estradiol benzoate (EB)-induced EH in rats. A self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) was prepared to improve the solubility of the PIC. Therefore, thirty female Wistar rats were divided into five groups: (1) control, (2) PIC SNEDDS (10 mg/kg), (3) EB (0.6 mg/kg), (4) EB + PIC SNEDDS (5 mg/kg) and (5) EB + PIC SNEDDS (10 mg/kg). The administration of PIC SNEDDS prevented EB-induced increases in uterine weights and histopathological changes. Additionally, it displayed pro-apoptotic and antioxidant activity in the endometrium. Immunohistochemical staining of uterine sections co-treated with PIC SNEDDS showed significantly decreased expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB). This anti-inflammatory effect was further confirmed by a significant increase in Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. These results indicate that SNEDDS nanoformulation of PIC possesses protective effects against experimentally induced EH.

Involvement of endometrial IGF-1R/IGF-1/Bcl-2 pathways in experimental polycystic ovary syndrome: Identification of the regulatory effect of melatonin

The involvement of endometrial IGF-1R/IGF-1/Bcl-2 pathways and the potential regulatory effects of exogenously administrated melatonin on this expression is investigated in the experimental PCOS model in the present study. Thirty-two 6-8 week old Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups: the Sham Control Group (1% CMC/day by oral gavage [o.g.]); the Melatonin Group (2 mg/kg/day melatonin by subcutaneous administration [s.c.]); the Experimental PCOS Group (1 mg/kg/day Letrozole by o.g.); and the Experimental PCOS + Melatonin Group (1 mg/kg/day Letrozole by o.g. and 2 mg/kg/day melatonin by s.c. administration). Vaginal smear samples were taken from the 14th day to the end of the experiment for colpocytological measurements. At the end of the 21 day experimental period, uterine tissues were taken; Hematoxylin-Eosin histochemical, IGF-1R/IGF-1/Bcl-2, PCNA immuno-histochemical stainings and western blot analyses were performed for related antibodies. All of the data was supported statistically. The epithelium of endometrium lost its single-layer structure in some parts, separation was observed between the epithelium and the basal membrane junction, intracellular edema was found in the uterine glands by the polycystic ovary-induction. Also this induction increased the expression of IGF-1R/IGF-1, Bcl-2, and PCNA proteins. Morphological degenerations returned to its normal appearance generally by the melatonin administrations and melatonin also regulated the increased expression of endometrial IGF-1R/IGF-1/Bcl-2 and PCNA pathways. It is concluded that additional studies are needed, using melatonin as a supporting agent may be appropriate in cases of PCOS.

MicroRNA-146b-5p suppresses cholangiocarcinoma cells by targeting TRAF6 and modulating p53 translocation

BACKGROUND

In view of the poor prognosis and high mortality of cholangiocarcinoma, there is a need for new therapeutic strategies. This study aims to reveal the biological function of miR-146b-5p in cholangiocarcinoma cell and its possible mechanism.

METHODS

The expression level and prognostic information on miR-146b-5p in cholangiocarcinoma were obtained in TCGA database. The biological function of miR-146b-5p on proliferation and vitality of cholangiocarcinoma cell HUCCT-1 was examined by EdU and MTT assay, and the apoptosis of HUCCT-1 cells transfected with miR-146b-5p mimic, mimic control, inhibitor, inhibitor control was detected by flow cytometry analysis. The western blot was done to evaluate the effect of miR-146b-5p targeting substrate and the expression of p53 in whole-cell protein and mitochondria fractions.

RESULTS

Our finding revealed that miR-146b-5p expression in patients with CHOL was lower than the normal group(p＜0.001). MiR-146b-5p expression was down-regulated in human cholangiocarcinoma HUCCT-1 and RBE cells compared to normal control HIBEC and other cancer cells. The miR-146b-5p mimic could inhibit HUCCT-1 cell proliferation (p＜0.05) and promote HUCCT-1 cell apoptosis significantly (p＜0.05). The results of western blot showed that miR-146b-5p mimic could directly target TRAF6 3'UTR region and up-regulate the expression of p53 in mitochondria and miR-146b-5p inhibitor could down-regulated the level of p53 in mitochondria.

CONCLUSION

MiR-146b-5p is a cholangiocarcinoma suppressor by inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting cell apoptosis with targeting TRAF6, possibly via modulating p53 translocation to mitochondria.

Molecular Landscape of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer

Modern diagnostics are based on molecular analysis and have been focused on searching for new molecular markers to use in diagnostics. Included in this has been the search for the correlation between gene expression in tissue samples and liquid biological materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in the expression profile of messenger RNA (mRNA) and micro-RNA (miRNA) related to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in different grades of endometrial cancer (G1-G3), in order to select the most promising molecular markers. The study material consisted of tissue samples and whole blood collected from 30 patients with endometrial cancer (study group; G1 = 15; G2 = 8; G3 = 7) and 30 without neoplastic changes (control group). The molecular analysis included the use of the microarray technique and RTqPCR. Microarray analysis indicated the following number of mRNA differentiating the endometrial cancer samples from the control (tissue/blood): G1 vs. C = 21/18 mRNAs, G2 vs. C = 19/14 mRNAs, and G3 vs. C = 10/9 mRNAs. The common genes for the tissue and blood samples (Fold Change; FC > 3.0) were G1 vs. C: TGFB1, WNT5A, TGFB2, and NOTCH1; G2 vs. C: BCL2L, SOX9, BAMBI, and SMAD4; G3 vs. C STAT1 and TGFB1. In addition, mRNA TGFB1, NOTCH1, and BCL2L are common for all grades of endometrial cancer. The analysis showed that miR-144, miR-106a, and miR-30d are most strongly associated with EMT, making them potential diagnostic markers.

Hormone autocrination by vascularized hydrogel delivery of ovary spheroids to rescue ovarian dysfunctions

The regeneration potential of implantable organ model hydrogels is applied to treat a loss of ovarian endocrine function in women experiencing menopause and/or cancer therapy. A rat ovariectomy model is used to harvest autologous ovary cells while subsequently producing a layer-by-layer form of follicle spheroids. Implantation of a microchannel network hydrogel with cell spheroids [vascularized hydrogel with ovarian spheroids (VHOS)] into an ischemic hindlimb of ovariectomized rats significantly aids the recovery of endocrine function with hormone release, leading to full endometrium regeneration. The VHOS implantation effectively suppresses the side effects observed with synthetic hormone treatment (i.e., tissue overgrowth, hyperplasia, cancer progression, deep vein thrombosis) to the normal levels, while effectively preventing the representative aftereffects of menopause (i.e., gaining fatty weight, inducing osteoporosis). These results highlight the unprecedented therapeutic potential of an implantable VHOS against menopause and suggest that it may be used as an alternative approach to standard hormone therapy.

Huanglian decoction suppresses the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by reducing CCNB1 expression

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent cancers in human populations worldwide. Huanglian decoction is one of the most important Chinese medicine formulas, with the potential to treat cancer.

AIM

To investigate the role and mechanism of Huanglian decoction on HCC cells.

METHODS

To identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we downloaded gene expression profile data from The Cancer Genome Atlas Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE45436) databases. We obtained phytochemicals of the four herbs of Huanglian decoction from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform. We also established a regulatory network of DEGs and drug target genes and subsequently analyzed key genes using bioinformatics approaches. Furthermore, we conducted in vitro experiments to explore the effect of Huanglian decoction and to verify the predictions. In particular, the CCNB1 gene was knocked down to verify the primary target of this decoction. Through the identification of the expression levels of key proteins, we determined the primary mechanism of Huanglian decoction in HCC.

RESULTS

Based on the results of the network pharmacological analysis, we revealed 5 bioactive compounds in Huanglian decoction that act on HCC. In addition, a protein-protein interaction network analysis of the target genes of these five compounds as well as expression and prognosis analyses were performed in tumors. CCNB1 was confirmed to be the primary gene that may be highly expressed in tumors and was significantly associated with a worse prognosis. We also noted that CCNB1 may serve as an independent prognostic indicator in HCC. Moreover, in vitro experiments demonstrated that Huanglian decoction significantly inhibited the growth, migration, and invasiveness of HCC cells and induced cell apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest. Further analysis showed that the decoction may inhibit the growth of HCC cells by downregulating the CCNB1 expression level. After Huanglian decoction treatment, the expression levels of Bax, caspase 3, caspase 9, p21 and p53 in HCC cells were increased, while the expression of CDK1 and CCNB1 was significantly decreased. The p53 signaling pathway was also found to play an important role in this process.

CONCLUSION

Huanglian decoction has a significant inhibitory effect on HCC cells. CCNB1 is a potential therapeutic target in HCC. Further analysis showed that Huanglian decoction can inhibit HCC cell growth by downregulating the expression of CCNB1 to activate the p53 signaling pathway.

Differential Expressions of Ki-67, Bcl-2, and Apoptosis Index in Endometrial Cells of Women With and Without Type II Diabetes Mellitus and Their Correlation with Clinicopathological Variables

The objective of this study was to investigate proliferation, apoptosis, and antiapoptotic molecule expression in endometrial cells of reproductive-aged women with and without type II diabetes mellitus (T2D). In this case-control study, a total of 80 endometrial tissue specimens from reproductive-aged women (35 in the proliferative phase and 45 in the secretory phase) were examined. The age and body mass index (BMI) were matched between the groups. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded endometrial tissue samples were used for immunohistochemistry analysis. The presence of proliferation was evaluated with Ki-67 expression, antiapoptotic function of cells was evaluated with Bcl-2 expression, and apoptosis was evaluated with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TUNEL) immunoreactivity in both the glandular epithelium and stroma of endometrial tissue samples from women with and without T2D. Ki-67 expression in the glandular epithelium and Bcl-2 expression in both the glandular epithelium and stroma were significantly higher in endometrial tissue samples of women in the T2D group than the control group (p = 0.0008, p = 0.0022, and p = 0.0261, respectively). TUNEL immunoreactivity was significantly lower in the glandular epithelium of women in the T2D group than the control group (p = 0.0001). Glandular Ki-67 expression correlated positively with BMI, use of insulin, and hemoglobin A1c level (p = 0.0034, p = 0.0154, and p = 0.0011, respectively). Glandular Bcl-2 expression correlated positively with BMI and duration of T2D (p = 0.0090 and p = 0.0109, respectively). Stromal Bcl-2 expression correlated positively with duration of T2D (p = 0.0069). TUNEL immunoreactivity in the glandular epithelium correlated negatively with duration of T2D (p = 0.0340) and positively with the use of oral antidiabetic agents (p = 0.0226). Compared to age and BMI-matched controls, women with T2D experienced increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis in the glandular epithelium and increased antiapoptotic function in both the glandular epithelium and stromal cells. High BMI values in women with diabetes seemed to contribute to increased cell proliferation and increased antiapoptotic function in the glandular epithelium but not the stromal cells.

Effect of Salinomycin on Expression Pattern of Genes Associated with Apoptosis in Endometrial Cancer Cell Line

Background

Salinomycin is part of a group of ionophore antibiotics characterized by an activity towards tumor cells. To this day, the mechanism through which salinomycin induces their apoptosis is not fully known yet. The goal of this study was to assess the expression pattern of genes and the proteins coded by them connected with the process of programmed cell death in an endometrial cancer cell Ishikawa culture exposed to salinomycin and compared to the control.

Materials and Methods

Analysis of the effect of salinomycin on Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells (ECACC 99040201) included a cytotoxicity MTT test (with a concentration range of 0.1-100 µM), assessment of the induction of apoptosis and necrosis by salinomycin at a concentration of 1 µM as well the assessment of the expression of the genes chosen in the microarray experiment (microarray HG-U 133A_2) and the proteins coded by them connected with apoptosis (RTqPCR, ELISA assay). The statistical significance level for all analyses carried out as part of this study was p<0.05.

Results

It was observed that salinomycin causes the death of about 50% of cells treated by it (50.74±0.80% of all cells) at a concentration of 1µM. The decrease in the number of living cells was determined directly after treatment of the cells with the drug (time 0). The average percent of late apoptotic cells was 1.65±0.24% and 0.57±0.01% for necrotic cells throughout the entire observation period.

Discussion

Microarray analysis indicated the following number of mRNA differentiating the culture depending on the time of incubation with the drug: H_12 vs C = 114 mRNA, H_8 vs C = 84 mRNA, H_48 vs. C = 27 mRNA, whereas 5 mRNAs were expressed differently at all times. During the whole incubation period of the cells with the drug, the following dependence of the expression profile of the analyzed transcripts was observed: Bax>p53>FASL>BIRC5>BCL2L.

Conclusion

The analysis carried out indicated that salinomycin, at a concentration of 1 µM, stopped the proliferation of 50% of endometrial cancer cells, mainly by inducing the apoptotic process of the cells. The molecular exponent of the induction of programmed cell death was an observed increase in the transcriptional activity of pro-apoptotic genes: Bax;p53;FASL and a decrease in the expression of anti-apoptotic genes: BCL2L2; BIRC5.

Effect of Danggui-Shaoyao-San-Containing Serum on the Renal Tubular Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Diabetic Nephropathy

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the effect of Danggui-Shaoyao-San (DSS)-containing serum on the renal tubular Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) of Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) in high glucose- induced HK-2 cells and its mechanism.

METHODS

20 rats were randomly divided into four groups: blank control group, DSS low dose group (DSS-L), DSS middle dose group (DSS-M), and DSS high dose group (DSS-H). DSS was administrated to the corresponding group (7g/kg/d, 14g/kg/d and 21g/kg/d) for 7 consecutive days, and the same volume of saline was given to the blank control group by gavage. The rat drug-containing serum was successfully prepared. HK-2 cells were divided into five groups: blank control group, model group, DSS-L, DSS-M, DSS-H, according to the corresponding drug and dose of each treatment group. Protein and mRNA levels of Jagged1, Notch1, Hes5, Notch Intracellular Domain (NICD), E-cadherin, alpha- Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA) and vimentin at 24h, 48h and 72h were detected by Western Blot and RT-qPCR.

RESULTS

The protein and mRNA levels of Jagged1, Notch1, Hes5, NICD, α-SMA and vimentin in the treatment groups were remarkably decreased compared with the model group (P<0.05), and the protein and mRNA levels of E-cadherin were notably increased (P<0.05) by Western Blot and RT-qPCR.

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrated that DSS could prevent DN by ameliorating renal tubular EMT through inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway.

SNHG1 promotes proliferation, migration and invasion of bladder cancer cells via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1) has been previously reported to mediate a number of functions during the progression of cancer. However, its involvement in bladder cancer remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of SNHG1 in bladder cancer and to identify its potential mechanisms. SNHG1 expression was firstly detected in cancer tissues and cells. The effects of SNHG1 on the malignant phenotypes were then investigated. Furthermore, the influence of SNHG1 on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was examined. It was demonstrated that SNHG1 expression was significantly upregulated in bladder cancer tissues and cells. Moreover, the loss-of-function experimental results suggested that knockdown of SNHG1 inhibited bladder cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion, but increased apoptosis; however, SNHG1 overexpression promoted these processes. Mechanistically, rescue assays identified that SNHG1 activated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Therefore, it was speculated that SNHG1 functioned as a carcinogenic lncRNA in bladder cancer via activation of PI3K/AKT.

A Slug-dependent mechanism is responsible for tumor suppression of p53-stabilizing compound CP-31398 in p53-mutated endometrial carcinoma

Mutation in the tumor suppressor gene p53 is the most frequent molecular defect in endometrial carcinoma (EC). Recently, CP-31398, a p53-stabilizing compound, has been indicated to possess the ability to alter the expression of non-p53 target genes in addition to p53 downstream genes in tumor cells. Herein, we explore the alternative mechanisms underlying the restoration of EC tumor suppressor function in mutant p53 by CP-31398. A p53-mutated EC cell was constructed in AN3CA cells with restored or partial loss of Slug using lentiviral vectors, followed by treatment with 25 μM CP-31398. A p53-independent mechanism of CP-31398 was confirmed by the interaction between mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) and Slug AN3CA cells treated with IWR-1 (inhibitor of Wnt response 1). Furthermore, the AN3CA cells were treated with short hairpin RNA against Slug, Wnt-specific activators (LiCl) or inhibitors (XAV-939) followed by CP-31398 treatment. Moreover, AN3CA cell proliferation and apoptosis were examined. A tumorigenicity assay was conducted in nude mice. CP-31398 could promote the apoptosis of p53-mutated EC cells, while Slug reversed this effect. Slug ubiquitination was found to occur via binding of Slug to MDM2 in AN3CA cells. We found that CP-31398 increased the GSK-3ß, p-Slug, Puma, Wtp53, and Bax expressions whereas Wnt, Mtp-53, Slug, Bcl-2, and Ki-67 expressions were decreased. However, these findings were reversed following the activation of the Wnt pathway and overexpression of Slug. Finally, the in vivo experimental evidence confirmed that CP-31398 with depleted Slug suppressed tumor growth by downregulating the Slug. Collectively, CP-31398-regulated Slug downregulation represses the p53-mutated EC via the p53/Wnt/Puma pathway.

Escins Isolated from Aesculus chinensis Bge. Promote the Autophagic Degradation of Mutant Huntingtin and Inhibit its Induced Apoptosis in HT22 cells

The pathogenesis of Huntington’s disease (HD), an inherited progressive neurodegenerative disease, is highly associated with the cytotoxicity-inducing mutant huntingtin (mHtt) protein. Emerging evidence indicates that autophagy plays a pivotal role in degrading aggregated proteins such as mHtt to enhance neuronal viability. In this study, by employing preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (pre-HPLC), ultra-high performance liquid chromatography diode-array-detector quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-Q-TOF-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), three escins, escin IA (EA), escin IB (EB) and isoescin IA (IEA), were isolated and identified from the seed of Aesculus chinensis Bge. (ACB). After EGFP-HTT74-overexpressing HT22 cells were treated with EA, EB and IEA at safe concentrations, the clearance of mHtt and mHtt-induced apoptosis were investigated by Western blot, immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry methods. In addition, the autophagy induced by these escins in HT22 cells was monitored by detecting GFP-LC3 puncta, P62 and LC3 protein expression. The results showed that EA, EB and IEA could significantly decrease mHtt levels and inhibit its induced apoptosis in HT22 cells. In addition, these three saponins induced autophagic flux by increasing the ratio of RFP-LC3 to GFP-LC3, and by decreasing P62 expression. Among the tested escins, EB displayed the best autophagy induction, which was regulated via both the mTOR and ERK signaling pathways. Furthermore, the degradation of mHtt and the commensurate decrease in its cytotoxic effects by EA, EB and IEA were demonstrated to be closely associated with autophagy induction, which depended on ATG7. In conclusion, we are the first to report that the escins, including EA, EB and IEA are novel autophagy inducers that degrade mHtt and inhibit mHtt-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. As a result of these findings, the triterpenoid saponins in ACB might be considered to be promising candidates for the treatment of HD in the future.

LncRNA miR143HG Up-Regulates p53 In Endometrial Carcinoma By Sponging miR-125a

Introduction

MiR143HG is a recently identified tumor suppressor in bladder cancer. We performed bioinformatics prediction and found that miR143HG can form base pairs with miR-125a. This study was therefore carried out to explore the interaction between miR143HG and miR-125a in endometrial carcinoma (EC).

Methods

Gene expression was analyzed by qPCR and Western blot. Interactions among genes were analyzed by over-expression experiments. Cell apoptosis after transfections was analyzed by cell apoptosis assay.

Results

We found that the down-regulation of miR143HG in EC predicted poor survival. Bioinformatics analysis showed that miR-125a could bind miR143HG. In EC tissues, miR143HG was positively correlated with p53, not miR-125a. In EC cells, miR143HG and miR-125a over-expression failed to affect the expression of each other. However, miR143HG over-expression led to the up-regulated p53. MiR-125a over-expression played the opposite role and attenuated the effects of miR143HG over-expression. Cell apoptosis analysis showed that miR143HG and p53 over-expression led to an increased cell apoptotic rate. MiR-125a over-expression played the opposite role and attenuated the effects of miR143HG over-expression.

Conclusion

MiR143HG may up-regulate p53 in EC by sponging miR-125a to promote cancer cell apoptosis.

Identification of key genes and pathways between type I and type II endometrial cancer using bioinformatics analysis

Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is a common malignant neoplasm of the female reproductive tract. The malignant degree of type II EC is much greater than that of type I EC, usually presenting with a high recurrence rate and a poor prognosis. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the principal genes associated with the degree of differentiation in type I and type II EC and reveal their potential mechanisms. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were selected from the gene expression profiles derived from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were conducted. In the present study, the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that 5,962 upregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in the ‘p53 signaling pathway’ and involved in ‘lysine degradation’. In addition, 3,709 downregulated DEGs were enriched in ‘pathways in cancer’, as well as ‘tight junction regulation’, the ‘cell cycle’ and the ‘Wnt signaling pathway’. The 13 top hub genes MAPK1, PHLPP1, ESR1, MDM2, CDKN2A, CDKN1A, AURKA, BCL2L1, POLQ, PIK3R3, RHOQ, EIF4E and LATS2 were identified via the protein-protein interaction network. Furthermore, the OncoPrint algorithm from cBioPortal declared that 25% of EC cases carried genetic alterations. The altered DEGs (MAPK1, MDM2, AURKA, EIF4E and LATS2) may be involved in tumor differentiation and may be valuable diagnostic biomarkers. In conclusion, a number of principal genes were identified in the present study that may be determinants of poorly differentiated type II EC carcinogenesis, which may contribute to future research into potential molecular mechanisms. In addition, these genes may help identify candidate biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for type II EC.

Knockdown of anti-silencing function 1B histone chaperone induces cell apoptosis via repressing PI3K/Akt pathway in prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignancies among males worldwide. Anti-silencing function 1B histone chaperone (ASF1B) has been reported to be involved in PCa. The present study aimed to investigate the role and molecular mechanism of ASF1B in PCa. Data of genes were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas data- base. The core gene was identified using the DAVID website. Cell viability and colony formation were detected using a cell counting kit-8 assay and crystal violet staining, respectively. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were assessed using flow cytometry analysis. The corresponding factors were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. It was demonstrated that ASF1B was highly expressed in the PCa tissues and cells compared with the non-PCa tissues and cells, respectively. While siRNA-ASF1B significantly reduced the viability and colony formation, it promoted apoptosis, G1 phase cell cycle arrest of LNCap as well as C4-2 cells. siRNA-ASF1B was revealed to significantly reduce the level of B-cell lymphoma-2 and cyclin D1, and enhance the expression levels of p53, caspase-3 and Bcl-2 associated X protein. Furthermore, the phosphorylation levels of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (Akt) were significantly decreased in the siRNA-ASF1B group compared with the mock group. In summary, the present study demonstrated that silencing of ASF1B suppressed the proliferation, and promoted apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of PCa cells. Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was pertinent to the role of si-ASF1B. This phenomenon suggests that the downregulation of ASF1B may aid in inhibiting the progression of PCa.