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Horsey K. The future of surrogacy: a review of current global trends and national landscapes. Reprod Biomed Online 2024; 48:103764. [PMID: 38428344 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.103764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The practice of surrogacy is frequently the subject of media, scientific, social, regulatory and policy attention. Although it is, for many, an accepted form of assisted reproduction for those who would otherwise not be able to have children, surrogacy often generates strong feeling, particularly where there is any possibility of exploitation. Therefore, there is disagreement about how it should be regulated. In some countries, surrogacy is prohibited in any form, although this does not stop people using it. In others, it is unregulated but still practised. In some nations it is regulated in either a 'commercial' or an 'altruistic' model. This review article considers the possible regulatory future of surrogacy, initially from a UK perspective considering a recent review of the legal framework in a country where surrogacy works well (although some cross borders to access it), and then through an assessment of global trends and other national perspectives. It concludes that the international regulation of surrogacy, although potentially desirable, is unlikely. This being the case, it would be preferable for individual nations to regulate surrogacy so it can be undertaken in ways that are safe, ethical and protective of the best interests of children, surrogates, intended parents and families.
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Yıldız M, Felix EO, Ademiju O, Noibi TO, Gomes RF, Tanimowo A, Tayyeb M, Khadka RB, Rhino A, Yildiz R, Ramazanzadegan K, Yildirim MS, Solmaz E, Haylı ÇM, Şengan A. Attitudes of Different Religions Toward Surrogacy: Analysis of 11 Countries' Situation Using Machine Learning Approach and Artificial Neural Networks. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2023; 62:3230-3251. [PMID: 36913055 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-023-01782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Individuals may develop different attitudes on bioethics in general and reproductive ethics in particular, due to the effects of different sociocultural environments. Individuals' attitudes toward surrogacy are affected positively or negatively depending on religious and cultural environments. This study was conducted to determine and compare the attitudes of different religions toward surrogacy. This study is cross-sectional and collected from individuals living in Turkey, India, Iran, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Madagascar, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Mexico, England, and Japan between May 2022 and December 2022. The study was conducted with individuals belonging to Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Atheism. The study was conducted with 1177 individuals from different religions who agreed to participate in the study by snowball sampling method. The introductory Information Form and "Attitude Questionnaire Toward Surrogacy" were used as data collection tools. R programming language 4.1.3 was used for regression analysis with machine learning approach and artificial neural networks, and SPSS-25 was used for other statistical analyses. There was a significant difference between the total mean score of the individuals' Attitudes toward Surrogacy Questionnaire and their religious beliefs (p < 0.05). When the results of the analysis of the regression model with the dummy variable, which was carried out with the aim of revealing the effects of religious belief on the attitude toward surrogacy, are examined, statistical estimates of the regression model show that the model is significant and usable F(4,1172) = 5.005, p = 0.001). It explains 1.7% of the total variance of the level of religious belief's attitude toward surrogacy. In the regression model, when the t-test results regarding the significance of the regression coefficient are examined, among the participants, it was determined that the mean score of those who believed in Islam (t = - 3.827, p < 0.001) and those who believed in Christianity (t = - 2.548, p < 0.001) was lower than the mean score of those who believed in Hinduism (Constant) (p < 0.05). Individuals' attitudes toward surrogacy differ according to their religion. The best performing algorithm for the prediction model was random forest (RF) regression. The contributions of the variables to the model were calculated with Shapley values (Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP)). The SHAP values of the variables in the best performing model were examined to avoid bias in terms of comparison in the performance criterion. SHAP values (Shapley Additive Explanations) show the contribution or importance of each variable in the estimation of the model. It is determined that the most important variable that should be in the model to predict the Attitude Toward Surrogacy Survey variable is the Nationality variable. It is recommended that studies on attitudes toward surrogacy should be conducted by taking religious and cultural values into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Yıldız
- Department of Nursing, Sakarya University, Serdivan, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | - Abraham Tanimowo
- Institute of Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Muhammed Tayyeb
- Anaesthesiology, Medical Teaching Institution, Bacha Khan Medical College BKMC, Maran, Pakistan
| | - Ram Bahadur Khadka
- Faculty of Management, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Bagmati Province, Nepal
| | - Andrianirina Rhino
- Management, Economy, Finance, Catholıc Unıversıty of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Rabia Yildiz
- Faculty of Theology, Sakarya University, Serdiven, Turkey
| | | | - Mehmet Salih Yildirim
- Vocational School of Health Services, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University School of Health, Agri, Turkey
| | - Ebru Solmaz
- Department of Midwifery, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
| | | | - Aylin Şengan
- Department of Midwifery, Sakarya University, Serdiven, Turkey
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Tanderup M, Pande A, Schmidt L, Nielsen BB, Humaidan P, Kroløkke C. Impact of the war in Ukraine and the COVID-19 pandemic on transnational surrogacy - a qualitative study of Danish infertile couples' experiences of being in 'exile'. Reprod Biomed Online 2023; 47:103258. [PMID: 37517186 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION How did Danish permanently infertile couples experience surrogacy when going abroad and what impact did the war in Ukraine and the COVID-19 pandemic have on this? DESIGN A qualitative study was performed between May and September 2022. The in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 permanently infertile couples across Denmark who were in different stages of using surrogacy. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using systematic text condensation. RESULTS All except one couple went abroad, mainly to Ukraine, to have an enforceable transparent contract, professionals to advise them and the possibility of using the eggs of the intended mother. They did not feel that this was a 'choice' but rather the only option they had to have the longed-for child. According to current Danish legislation, the intended mother could not obtain legal motherhood over the child, not even through stepchild adoption, and this increased the feeling of not being a 'worthy mother'. This study expanded on the term 'reproductive exile' by identifying four different forms of exile: the exiled Danish couple, the gestational carrier in exile, exile at home and, finally, the reproductive body in exile. CONCLUSIONS Understanding infertile couples' experiences when crossing borders is important for several reasons. It may, among others, assist politicians and authorities in developing a sound Danish legal policy on surrogacy to address the current issues of legal parenthood and avoid missing reproductive opportunities for permanently infertile couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Tanderup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.; The Fertility Clinic, Skive Regional Hospital, Skive, Denmark..
| | - Amrita Pande
- Department of Sociology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Lone Schmidt
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte B Nielsen
- Department of Obstetrics, Juliane Marie Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Humaidan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.; The Fertility Clinic, Skive Regional Hospital, Skive, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Kroløkke
- Department of Language, Culture, History and Communication, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Marre D, Leinaweaver J. Solidarity exclusions: Problematizing kinship and humanitarianism from the perspective of transnational adoption. AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 2023; 125:9-22. [PMID: 38550402 PMCID: PMC10976316 DOI: 10.1111/aman.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
What is, or should be, the role of solidarity within the (transnationally adoptive) family? In Spain, solidaridad is a prized value in family life, political organization, and humanitarian action, yet adoption professionals actively discouraged its use as a motivation for transnational adoption. This article offers a genealogy of the concept of solidaridad, a consideration of its enduring currency in kinship discourse in Spain, and a critical analysis of case studies from our respective research projects. We show that kinship and humanitarianism are considered very differently in terms of their temporalities and entailments-the terms, and specificities, of their engagements. We argue that solidaridad's multivocality within the transnational adoptive family context has broader significance for kinship, both adoptive and nonadoptive, as well as for social and political engagement across inequality. Solidaridad's exclusions from transnational adoption reveal how kinship and humanitarianism both involve the work of identifying, accommodating, and resolving social difference. [adoption, humanitarianism, kinship, law, Spain].
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Brandão P, Garrido N. Commercial Surrogacy: An Overview. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GINECOLOGIA E OBSTETRÍCIA 2022; 44:1141-1158. [PMID: 36580941 PMCID: PMC9800153 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Surrogacy is the process in which a woman carries and delivers a baby to other person or couple, known as intended parents. When carriers are paid for surrogacy, this is known as commercial surrogacy. The objective of the present work is to review the legal, ethical, social, and cultural aspects of commercial surrogacy, as well as the current panorama worldwide. METHODS This is a review of the literature published in the 21st century on commercial surrogacy. RESULTS A total of 248 articles were included as the core of the present review. The demand for surrogate treatments by women without uterus or with important uterine disorders, single men and same-sex male couples is constantly increasing worldwide. This reproductive treatment has important ethical dilemmas. In addition, legislation defers widely worldwide and is in constant change. Therefore, patients look more and more for treatments abroad, which can lead to important legal problems between countries with different laws. Commercial surrogacy is practiced in several countries, in most of which there is no specific legislation. Some countries have taken restrictive measures against this technique because of reports of exploitation of carriers. CONCLUSION Commercial surrogacy is a common practice, despite important ethical and legal dilemmas. As a consequence of diverse national legislations, patients frequently resort to international commercial surrogacy programs. As of today, there is no standard international legal context, and this practice remains largely unregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brandão
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nicolás Garrido
- University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- IVI Foundation, Valencia, Spain
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Surrogates’ and intended parents’ experiences of surrogacy arrangements: A systematic review. Reprod Biomed Online 2022; 45:815-830. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Background: Surrogacy might be a reproductive process that brings joy and fulfilment to many but it also brings with it numerous ethical and legal concerns; it raises questions about the fundamental human rights, welfare and wellbeing of women and infants especially within a context where it is barely regulated. This article examines the perception of surrogacy within the Yoruba socio-cultural context in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. It brings to the fore various socio-cultural concerns that questions the influence of surrogacy as a reproductive process on womanhood, motherhood and parenthood. It discusses by analysing the narratives of participants how surrogacy process is a dereliction of the sacredness and cultural sanctity of the family system, most especially in an African context. Methods: 15 stakeholders (traditional birth attendants and gynaecologists) were engaged in an in-depth interview to unravel the challenges surrogacy might or is encountering within the socio-cultural context of Ado-Ekiti. Results: There are various social, cultural and religious beliefs that police the reproductive sphere of the Yoruba socio-cultural group, which has grave implications on fertility treatment. These socio-cultural and religious factors do not provide a fertile ground for surrogacy to thrive within the study location. Hence, it is important that the socio-cultural framing of reproduction within this cultural context become receptive to medical reproductive solutions and innovations if at all the processes are to thrive or at least become less stigmatised. Conclusions: The process of surrogacy is very complex and people’s attitude towards the practice is greatly influenced by their culture, religion and social belief systems about what is considered appropriate for procreation. Also, it is important to have clear-cut policy regulating surrogacy and all forms of ARTs in Nigeria, as this will protect women and infants, as well as, ensure that they are not to exposed abuse, commercialization and exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatobi Joseph Alabi
- Department of Sociology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2006, South Africa
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Abstract
Anthropological literature on Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) has burgeoned in the forty years since IVF emerged as a potential solution to childlessness. A lexicon has consolidated, and key sets of debates have been identified. Chief among these are questions of kinship, the intersection of technologies and local moral worlds, and the circulation of gametes and technological know-how. The recent publication of five books in the Berghahn series on Fertility, Reproduction and Sexuality offers an opportunity to think about new affordances and futures for research. We review the texts and suggest several strands for research, concluding that anthropological objects do not become saturated by our knowledge of them and that ARTs will remain fertile ground for thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C Ross
- Anthropology, School of African and Gender Studies, Anthropology and Linguistics, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Tessa Moll
- Anthropology, School of African and Gender Studies, Anthropology and Linguistics, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch, South Africa
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Arvidsson A, Johnsdotter S, Emmelin M, Essén B. Being questioned as parents: An interview study with Swedish commissioning parents using transnational surrogacy. REPRODUCTIVE BIOMEDICINE & SOCIETY ONLINE 2019; 8:23-31. [PMID: 30911689 PMCID: PMC6416408 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbms.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to explore how Swedish parents who had commissioned surrogacy abroad experienced the process of parenthood recognition. The study consisted of in-depth interviews with five couples and 10 individuals representing 10 additional couples who had used surrogacy abroad, mainly in India. The construction of motherhood and fatherhood in the Swedish system contradicts how parenthood is defined in the surrogacy process. This study found that the formal recognition of parenthood involved a complex and frustrating process where the presumption of fatherhood and step-child adoption as grounds for parenthood make people feel questioned as parents, negatively affecting parental welfare. Policy makers need to take into account the consequences of an unregulated situation regarding surrogacy, and focus more on the child-parent relationship when regulating surrogacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Arvidsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health/IMCH, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Maria Emmelin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Social Medicine and Global Health, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Essén
- Department of Women's and Children's Health/IMCH, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- LUCY LOWE
- School of Social and Political ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh Chrystal Macmillan Building 15a George Square Edinburgh EH8 9LD United Kingdom
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Abstract
Surrogate motherhood is an assisted procreation practice by which a woman gestates an embryo with which she has no biological relationship on behalf of a contracting couple or individual, having to relinquish the child to them after its birth. This practice normally entails a financial remuneration for the pregnant woman; when this is not the case, it is called altruistic surrogacy. From a medical perspective, potential problems for the surrogate and for children born through this practice should be taken into account, especially the existence of possible disabilities in the child. The bioethical aspects are of most interest because the practice of surrogacy objectifies the expectant mother, by using her body for a purpose other than her own good, treating her as a commodity, as a thing. The same is true for the child because it makes him a disposable object, something that can be instrumentalized, similarly objectifying him.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justo Aznar
- Institute of Life Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia,
Spain
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Jadva V, Prosser H, Gamble N. Cross-border and domestic surrogacy in the UK context: an exploration of practical and legal decision-making. HUM FERTIL 2018; 24:93-104. [PMID: 30537445 DOI: 10.1080/14647273.2018.1540801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore UK intending parent's reasons for cross-border and domestic surrogacy, their preparations for the birth and the practical and legal challenges faced after the birth. An online survey was completed by 203 participants, of which 132 had a child born through surrogacy, 33 were in the process of surrogacy and 38 were planning a surrogacy arrangement. The most common reason for pursuing surrogacy in the UK was wanting a relationship with the surrogate (43%; n = 17) and for conducting surrogacy in the USA was because of a better legal framework (97%; n = 60). Parents returning to the UK from countries other than USA experienced greater delay and difficulties in obtaining the necessary documents for their return. This study highlights the disparities in parents' experiences of undergoing surrogacy in different countries, the frustrations some face in obtaining legal parenthood and the feelings of stress and anxiety this may cause. Whilst this is the first study comparing the experiences of people from the UK having surrogacy in different countries, the representativeness of the sample is unknown. The findings are important in identifying future directions for research, including assessing the impact of these early decisions and experiences for later parental wellbeing and children's welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanti Jadva
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Stuvøy I. Troublesome reproduction: surrogacy under scrutiny. REPRODUCTIVE BIOMEDICINE & SOCIETY ONLINE 2018; 7:33-43. [PMID: 30560206 PMCID: PMC6290089 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbms.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the emergence of transnational commercial surrogacy arrangements has prompted consideration of how and whether it is possible to bridge claims for reproductive rights from involuntarily childless couples and singles, many of whom historically have been excluded from reproduction, with the rights and well-being of the reproductive assisters. In this article, I suggest that a fruitful starting point for a conversation on how to tackle such a challenge is to examine the way in which surrogacy is conceptualized. Thus, I examine how scholars have queried surrogacy, asking how different conceptualizations of who this reproductive phenomenon concerns have led to the formulations of different types of 'troubles' of surrogacy. I delineate three different conceptualizations of surrogacy. Firstly, how surrogacy as a way to make parents has troubled scholars because of the conflation of reproduction with consumption, thereby making reproduction a matter of financial resource. Secondly, the trouble emerging when surrogacy is conceptualized as baby-making relates to how surrogacy turns babies and bodies into commodities. Thirdly, surrogacy understood as a phenomenon that concerns the women gestating and birthing the children has brought attention to issues of exploitation. These different formulations of trouble point towards tensions in the literature, while also offering reminders that surrogacy is not one thing alone; a finding that provides an opening for new forms of reproductive justice. This brings me to propose a rethinking of the notion of 'reproductive assistance', arguing in favour of moving away from substitution and transaction towards a relational being-together.
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Abstract
In the last decade, transnational surrogacy has attracted world-wide attention for making babies and pregnancies exchangeable with money. Involuntarily childless couples and individuals travel abroad and pay to have the desired child and to become parents. Acknowledging the importance of asking into the consequences of this monetization of reproduction, the author takes issue with universalistic assumptions about money and markets, and their presumed universal effects on social relations. Instead, it is argued that we need to explore how money works, and, by extension, how transnational surrogacy works out and becomes viable to people as a way to become parents. Putting together insights from economic sociology, and the assisted reproductive technology and parenting culture literature, the author employs the notion of accounting to grasp how people make sense of the money involved in making them parents. Based on a study involving 21 interviews with Norwegian gay and straight couples and single men and women seeking surrogacy abroad, the author explores how money is accounted for in three cases, set in three different countries; India, the United States and Canada. The analysis shows how money is accounted for in particular ways to confirm parenthood. These ways differ depending on the local context and transnational relations; ultimately making differentiated monetized parenthood. This is of significance when we try to conceptualize contemporary parenthood and how money seemingly sustains parenthood in ever more radical ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvill Stuvøy
- a Department of Sociology and Political Science , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
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Surrogates as risk or surrogates at risk? The contradictory constitution of surrogates’ bodies in transnational surrogacy. SOCIAL THEORY & HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1057/s41285-018-0066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Patel NH, Jadeja YD, Bhadarka HK, Patel MN, Patel NH, Sodagar NR. Insight into Different Aspects of Surrogacy Practices. J Hum Reprod Sci 2018; 11:212-218. [PMID: 30568349 PMCID: PMC6262674 DOI: 10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_138_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Surrogacy is an important method of assisted reproductive technology wherein a woman carries pregnancy for another couple. Number of couples around the world require surrogacy services for various reasons. Although this arrangement seems to be beneficial for all parties concerned, there are complex social, ethical, moral, and legal issues associated with it. It is these complexities that have made this practice unpopular in many parts of the world. Surrogacy in India has had its own journey from India becoming popular as a surrogacy center since 2002 to the Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016, which would restrict the option of surrogacy for many. Surrogacy is an important medical service for all those couples who would otherwise not have been able to produce a child. Surrogacy would be practiced harmoniously if delicate issues associated with surrogacy will be addressed properly through appropriately framed laws which would protect the rights of surrogate mothers, intended parents, and child born through surrogacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayana Hitesh Patel
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Akanksha Hospital and Research Institute, A Unit of Sat Kaival Hospital Pvt. Ltd., Lambhvel, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Yuvraj Digvijaysingh Jadeja
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Akanksha Hospital and Research Institute, A Unit of Sat Kaival Hospital Pvt. Ltd., Lambhvel, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Harsha Karsan Bhadarka
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Akanksha Hospital and Research Institute, A Unit of Sat Kaival Hospital Pvt. Ltd., Lambhvel, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Molina Niket Patel
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Akanksha Hospital and Research Institute, A Unit of Sat Kaival Hospital Pvt. Ltd., Lambhvel, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Niket Hitesh Patel
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Akanksha Hospital and Research Institute, A Unit of Sat Kaival Hospital Pvt. Ltd., Lambhvel, Anand, Gujarat, India
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Berend Z. “We Are All Carrying Someone Else's Child!”: Relatedness and Relationships in Third-Party Reproduction. AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/aman.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Berend
- Department of Sociology; University of California; Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095
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Beeson D, Darnovsky M, Lippman A. What's in a name? Variations in terminology of third-party reproduction. Reprod Biomed Online 2015; 31:805-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Söderström-Anttila V, Wennerholm UB, Loft A, Pinborg A, Aittomäki K, Romundstad LB, Bergh C. Surrogacy: outcomes for surrogate mothers, children and the resulting families—a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2015; 22:260-76. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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