Nebivolol alleviates liver damage caused by methotrexate via AKT1/Hif1α/eNOS signaling

Nebivolol ameliorates sepsis-evoked kidney dysfunction by targeting oxidative stress and TGF-β/Smad/p53 pathway

Sepsis is a potential fetal organ destruction brought on through an overzealous immunologic reaction to infection, causing severe inflammation, septic shock, and damage to different organs. Although there has been progress in the identification and controlling of clinical sepsis, the fatality rates are still significant. This study, for the first time, intended to examine the possible ameliorative impact of Nebivolol, a β1-adrenergic antagonist antihypertensive drug, against nephrotoxicity resulted from cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis in rats, on molecular basis. Sixty male Wistar albino rats were chosen. Oxidative stress indicators and biochemical markers of kidney activity were evaluated. Inflammatory mediators, fibrosis- and apoptosis-related proteins and gene expressions were investigated. Moreover, renal histopathological investigation was performed. CLP-induced nephrotoxicity characterized by markedly elevated serum levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, and renal malondialdhyde. On the other hand, it decreased serum total protein level, renal superoxide dismutase activity and reduced glutathione level. Additionally, it significantly elevated the renal inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, ilnerlukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β) and Caspase-3 protein, reduced IL-10 level, amplified the expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), p-Smad2/3 and alpha-smooth-muscle actin proteins, downregulated the B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) gene and elevated the transcription of Bcl-2-associated X-protein (Bax), p53 and Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) genes. Furtheremor, kidney tissues exhibited significant histopathological changes with CLP. On the contrary, Nebivolol significantly improved all these biochemical changes and enhanced the histopathological alterations obtained by CLP. This research showed, for the first time, that Nebivolol effectively mitigated the CLP-induced kidney dysfunction via its antioxidant, antifibrotic and anti-apoptotic activity through modulation of oxidative stress, TGF-β/NF-κB and TGF-β/Smad/p53 signaling pathways.

Nebivolol in oral subacute treatment prevents cardiac post-ischemic dysfunction in rats, but hyperthyroidism reduces this protection: mechanisms involved

Nebivolol could prevent dysfunction in patients suffering myocardial ischemia. However, influence of hyperthyroidism is not known. Consequences and mechanisms of nebivolol treatment were investigated in isolated hearts from euthyroid (EuT) and hyperthyroid (HpT) rats. Rats were orally treated during 1 week with 20 mg/kg/day nebivolol (O-Neb), 30 mg/kg/day atenolol (O-Ate), or not treated (C). Isolated perfused hearts were exposed to global ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) inside a flow calorimeter. Left diastolic ventricular pressure, developed contractile pressure (P), and total heat rate (Ht) were continuously measured, while infarct size was measured after 2-h R. EuT-C and HpT-C hearts developed similarly low post-ischemic contractile recovery and economy (P/Ht). Nebivolol totally prevented dysfunction and reduced infarction size in EuT hearts, but partially improved recovery in HpT rat hearts. Contrarily, oral atenolol totally prevented dysfunction in HpT hearts but partially in EuT hearts. Nebivolol effects were reversed by perfusing L-NAME in both conditions, but partially reduced by aminoguanidine in HpT. However, L-NAME increased P and P/Ht recoveries in EuT-C and HpT-C rat hearts, as well as melatonin. Oral nebivolol prevented post-ischemic dysfunction and infarction in EuT hearts due to adrenergic β1 blockade and activation of iNOS and/or eNOS, but the effect was attenuated in HpT hearts by excessive iNOS-dependent nitrosative pathways.

Research progress on rodent models and its mechanisms of liver injury

The liver is the most important organ for biological transformation in the body and is crucial for maintaining the body's vital activities. Liver injury is a serious pathological condition that is commonly found in many liver diseases. It has a high incidence rate, is difficult to cure, and is prone to recurrence. Liver injury can cause serious harm to the body, ranging from mild to severe fatty liver disease. If the condition continues to worsen, it can lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, ultimately resulting in liver failure or liver cancer, which can seriously endanger human life and health. Therefore, establishing an rodent model that mimics the pathogenesis and severity of clinical liver injury is of great significance for better understanding the pathogenesis of liver injury patients and developing more effective clinical treatment methods. The author of this article summarizes common chemical liver injury models, immune liver injury models, alcoholic liver injury models, drug-induced liver injury models, and systematically elaborates on the modeling methods, mechanisms of action, pathways of action, and advantages or disadvantages of each type of model. The aim of this study is to establish reliable rodent models for researchers to use in exploring anti-liver injury and hepatoprotective drugs. By creating more accurate theoretical frameworks, we hope to provide new insights into the treatment of clinical liver injury diseases.

The β1 Adrenergic Blocker Nebivolol Ameliorates Development of Endotoxic Acute Lung Injury

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a disease, with no effective treatment, which might result in death. Formations of excessive inflammation and oxidative stress are responsible for the pathophysiology of ALI. Nebivolol (NBL), a third-generation selective β1 adrenoceptor antagonist, has protective pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant functions. Consequently, we sought to assess the efficacy of NBL on a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI model via intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1)/matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) signaling. Thirty-two rats were split into four categories: control, LPS (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [IP], single dose), LPS (5 mg/kg, IP, one dosage 30 min after last NBL treatment), + NBL (10 mg/kg oral gavage for three days), and NBL (10 mg/kg oral gavage for three days). Six hours after the administration of LPS, the lung tissues of the rats were removed for histopathological, biochemical, gene expression, and immunohistochemical analyses. Oxidative stress markers such as total oxidant status and oxidative stress index levels, leukocyte transendothelial migration markers such as MMP-2, TIMP-1, and ICAM-1 expressions in the case of inflammation, and caspase-3 as an apoptotic marker, significantly increased in the LPS group. NBL therapy reversed all these changes. The results of this study suggest that NBL has utility as a potential therapeutic agent to dampen inflammation in other lung and tissue injury models.