Analysis of different current density conditions in the electrodialysis of zinc electroplating process solution

Assessment of Graphical Methods for Determination of the Limiting Current Density in Complex Electrodialysis-Feed Solutions

Electrodialysis (ED) is a promising technology suitable for nutrient recovery from a wide variety of liquid waste streams. For optimal operating conditions, the limiting current density (LCD) has to be determined separately for each treated feed and ED equipment. LCD is most frequently assessed in the NaCl solutions. In this paper, five graphical methods available in literature were reviewed for LCD determination in a series of five feed solutions with different levels of complexity in ion and matrix composition. Wastewater from microbial fermentation was included among the feed solutions, containing charged and uncharged particles. The experiments, running in the batch ED with an online conductivity, temperature, and pH monitoring, were conducted to obtain data for the comparison of various LCD determination methods. The results revealed complements and divergences between the applied LCD methods with increasing feed concentrations and composition complexity. The Cowan and Brown method had the most consistent results for all of the feed solutions. Online conductivity monitoring was linearly correlated with the decreasing ion concentration in the feed solution and corresponding LCD. Therefore, the results obtained in this study can be applied as a base for the automatized dynamic control of the operating current density–voltage in the batch ED. Conductivity alone should not be used for the ED control since LCD depends on the ion exchange membranes, feed flow, temperature and concentration, ionic species, their concentration ratios, and uncharged particles of the feed solution.

Nitrate reduction by electrochemical processes using copper electrode: evaluating operational parameters aiming low nitrite formation

This work aims to present different electroreduction and electrocatalytic processes configurations to treat nitrate contaminated water. The parameters tested were: current density, cell potential, electrode potential, pH values, cell type and catalyst use. It was found that the nitrite ion is present in all process variations used, being the resulting nitrite concentration higher in an alkaline pH. The increase in current density on galvanostatic operation mode provides a greater reduction of nitrate (64%, 1.4 mA cm^-2) if compared to the potentiostatic (20%) and constant cell potential (37%) configurations. In a dual-chamber cell the nitrate reduction with current density of 1.4 mA cm^-2 was tested and obtained as a NO₃^- reduction of 85%. The use of single chamber cell presented 32 ± 3% of nitrate reduction, indicating that in this cell type the nitrate reduction is smaller than in dual-chamber cell (64%). The presence of a Pd catalyst with 3.1% wt. decreased the nitrite (1.0 N-mg L^-1) and increased the gaseous compounds (9.4 N-mg L^-1) formation. The best configuration showed that, by fixing the current density, the highest nitrate reduction is obtained and the pH presents a significant influence during the tests. The use of the catalyst decreased the nitrite and enhanced the gaseous compounds formation.

Investigation of ion-exchange membranes by means of chronopotentiometry: A comprehensive review on this highly informative and multipurpose technique

Electrodialysis is mostly used for drinking water production but it has gained applicability in different new fields in recent decades. Membrane characteristics and ion transport properties strongly influence the efficiency of electrodialysis and must be evaluated to avoid an intense energy consumption and ensure long membrane times of usage. To this aim, conducting studies on ion transport across membranes is essential. Several dynamic characterization methods can be employed, among which, chronopotentiometry has shown special relevance because it allows a direct access to the contribution of the potential in different states of the membrane/solution system. The present paper provides a critical review on the use of chronopotentiometry to determine the main membrane transport properties and to evaluate mass transfer phenomena. Properties, such as limiting current density, electrical resistances, plateau length, transport number of counter-ions in the membrane, transition times, and apparent fraction of membrane conductive area have been intensively discussed in the literature and are presented in this review. Some of the phenomena evaluated using this technique are concentration polarization, gravitational convection, electroconvection, water dissociation, and fouling/scaling, all of them also shown herein. Mathematical and experimental studies were considered. New trends in chronopotentiometric studies should include ion-exchange membranes that have been recently developed (presenting anti-fouling, anti-microbial, and monovalent-selective properties) and a deeper discussion on the behaviour of complex solutions that have been often treated by electrodialysis, such as municipal wastewaters. New mathematical models, especially 3D ones, are also expected to be developed in the coming years.

Treatment of Cyanide-Free Wastewater from Brass Electrodeposition with EDTA by Electrodialysis: Evaluation of Underlimiting and Overlimiting Operations

Growing environmental concerns have led to the development of cleaner processes, such as the substitution of cyanide in electroplating industries and changes in the treatment of wastewaters. Hence, we evaluated the treatment of cyanide-free wastewater from the brass electroplating industry with EDTA as a complexing agent by electrodialysis, aimed at recovering water and concentrated solutions for reuse. The electrodialysis tests were performed in underlimiting and overlimiting conditions. The results suggested that intense water dissociation occurred at the cathodic side of the commercial anion-exchange membrane (HDX) during the overlimiting test. Consequently, the pH reduction at this membrane may have led to the reaction of protons with complexes of EDTA-metals and insoluble species. This allowed the migration of free Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ to the cation-exchange membrane as a result of the intense electric field and electroconvection. These overlimiting phenomena accounted for the improvement of the percent extraction and percent concentration, since in the electrodialysis stack employed herein, the concentrate compartments of cationic and anionic species were connected to the same reservoir. Chronopotentiometric studies showed that electroconvective vortices minimized fouling/scaling at both membranes. The electrodialysis in the overlimiting condition seemed to be more advantageous due to water dissociation and electroconvection.

Use of a two-step process to denitrification of synthetic brines: electroreduction in a dual-chamber cell and catalytic reduction

Membrane separation processes are being currently applied to produce drinking water from water contaminated with nitrate. The overall process generates a brine with high nitrate/nitrite concentration that is usually send back to a conventional wastewater treatment plant. Catalytic processes to nitrate reduction are being studied, but the main goal of achieving a high selectivity to nitrogen production is still a matter of research. In this work, a two-step process was evaluated, aiming to verify the best combination of operational parameters to efficiently reduce nitrate to nitrogen. In the first step, the nitrate was reduced to nitrite by electroreduction, applying a copper electrode and different cell potentials. A second step of the process was carried out by reducing the generated nitrite with a catalytic process by hydrogenation. The results showed that the highest nitrate reduction (89%) occurred when a cell potential of 11 V was applied. In this condition, the nitrite ion was generated with all experimental conditions evaluated. Then, to reduce the nitrite ion formed by catalytic reduction, activated carbon fibers (ACF) and powder γ-alumina (γ-Al₂O₃) were tested as supports for palladium (Pd). With both catalysts, the total nitrite conversion was obtained, being the selectivity to gaseous compounds 94% and 97% for Pd/Al₂O₃ and Pd/ACF, respectively. Considering the results obtained, a two-stage treatment setup to brine denitrification may be proposed. With electrochemistry, an operating condition was achieved in which ammonium production can be controlled to very low values, but the reduction is predominant to nitrite. With the second step, all nitrite is converted to nitrogen gas and just 3% of ammonium is produced with the most selective catalyst. The main novelty of this work is associated to the use of a two-stage process enabling 89% of nitrate reduction and 100% of nitrite reduction.