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Nualdee K, Buain R, Janchawee B, Sukree W, Thammakhet-Buranachai C, Kanatharana P, Chaisiwamongkhol K, Prutipanlai S, Phonchai A. A stir bar sorptive extraction device coupled with a gas chromatography flame ionization detector for the determination of abused prescription drugs in lean cocktail samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:2557-2568. [PMID: 35699255 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00603k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A lean cocktail is a mixed drink for the non-medical use of prescription medications that has emerged in recent years as a drug of abuse and is related to drug-facilitated crimes. The determination of active ingredients in a lean cocktail is necessary for forensic investigations. This work presents an in-house developed stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) device with an XAD-2 adsorbent followed by analysis using GC-FID for the extraction and determination of the five main abused prescription drugs (diphenhydramine, tramadol, chlorpheniramine, dextromethorphan and promethazine) in lean cocktail samples. Under optimized conditions, the developed method provided linearity for 1.0-250 μg mL-1 of each of the five abused prescription drugs. The limits of detection and limits of quantitation were in the respective ranges of 0.25-0.5 μg mL-1 and 1.0-1.5 μg mL-1. The percentage of extraction was 85.0-94.9%. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were 1.2-14.4% RSD and 1.4-15.8% RSD, respectively. Good relative recoveries in the range of 86.7-110.3% and 88.5-107.9% were obtained when the proposed method was applied for extraction and analysis of abused prescription drugs in five lean cocktail samples. The developed method can be a useful tool for measuring the levels of abused prescription drugs in a lean cocktail and the data could also be used as evidence in a forensic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonwan Nualdee
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
| | - Ratchaneekorn Buain
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
| | - Benjamas Janchawee
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
| | - Warakorn Sukree
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Chongdee Thammakhet-Buranachai
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Proespichaya Kanatharana
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Korbua Chaisiwamongkhol
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Center of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS), Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Sathaporn Prutipanlai
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
| | - Apichai Phonchai
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
- Forensic Science Innovation and Service Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
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Jiménez-Skrzypek G, Ortega-Zamora C, González-Sálamo J, Hernández-Borges J. Miniaturized green sample preparation approaches for pharmaceutical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114405. [PMID: 34653744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of green sample preparation procedures is an extremely important research field in which more and more applications are constantly being proposed in different areas, including pharmaceutical analysis. This review article is aimed at providing a general overview of the development of miniaturized green analytical sample preparation procedures in the pharmaceutical analysis field, with special focus on the works published between January 2017 and July 2021. Particular attention has been paid to the application of environmentally friendly solvents and sorbents as well as nanomaterials or high extraction capacity sorbents in which the solvent volumes and reagents amounts are drastically reduced, with their subsequent advantages from the sustainability point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Jiménez-Skrzypek
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Cecilia Ortega-Zamora
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Javier González-Sálamo
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España.
| | - Javier Hernández-Borges
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España.
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Hejabri Kandeh S, Amini S, Ebrahimzadeh H. Simultaneous trace-level monitoring of seven opioid analgesic drugs in biological samples by pipette-tip micro solid phase extraction based on PVA-PAA/CNT-CNC composite nanofibers followed by HPLC-UV analysis. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:275. [PMID: 34318377 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04931-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol)-(PVA)-poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)/carbon nanotubes(CNTs)-cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) (PVA-PAA/CNT-CNC) composite nanofibers were prepared and characterized using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The resultant composite was used as an effective and novel sorbent for pipette-tip micro-solid phase extraction (PT-μSPE) of seven opioid analgesics (OAs) in biological samples followed by HPLC-UV analysis. Addition of CNT-CNC with the high specific surface area and plenty of OH-functional groups endows the nanofibers with considerable extraction efficiency. Under the optimum conditions, the linearity was obtained in the range 1.5 to 700.0 ng mL-1 for morphine, codeine, oxycodone, and tramadol, and 0.5 to 1000.0 ng mL-1 for nalbuphine, thebaine, and noscapine with coefficient of determination (r2) ≥ 0.9990. Detection limits (LODs) based on S/N = 3 were in the range of 0.15-0.50 ng mL-1. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 4.1-5.4% (intra-day, n = 5) and 5.2-6.4% (inter-day, n = 3) for three consecutive days were achieved. Finally, the efficiency of the PT-μSPE-HPLC-UV method was evaluated for the determination of OAs in human plasma and urine samples with good recoveries (87.3 to 97.8%). A: Schematic illustration for the preparation of PVA-PAA/CNT-CNC composite nanofibers. B: Schematic presentation of applying PVA-PAA/CNT-CNC composite nanofibers as the sorbent in pipette-tip micro solid-phase extraction (PT-μSPE) for the preconcentration of seven opioid analgesic drugs in biological samples before HPLC-UV analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Hejabri Kandeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Amini
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homeira Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
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Kozak J, Tyszczuk-Rotko K, Wójciak M, Sowa I. Electrochemically Activated Screen-Printed Carbon Sensor Modified with Anionic Surfactant (aSPCE/SDS) for Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol, Diclofenac and Tramadol. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14133581. [PMID: 34206920 PMCID: PMC8269727 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, an electrochemically activated screen-printed carbon electrode modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate (aSPCE/SDS) was proposed for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol (PA), diclofenac (DF), and tramadol (TR). Changes of surface morphology and electrochemical behaviour of the electrode after the electrochemical activation with H2O2 and SDS surface modification were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The influence of various parameters on the responses of the aSPCE/SDS such as pH and concentration of the buffer, SDS concentration, and techniques parameters were investigated. Using optimised conditions (Eacc. of −0.4 V, tacc. of 120 s, ΔEA of 150 mV, ν of 250 mV s−1, and tm of 10 ms), the aSPCE/SDS showed a good linear response in the concentration ranges of 5.0 × 10−8–2.0 × 10−5 for PA, 1.0 × 10−9–2.0 × 10−7 for DF, and 1.0 × 10−8–2.0 × 10−7 and 2.0 × 10−7–2.0 × 10−6 mol L−1 for TR. The limits of detection obtained during the simultaneous determination of PA, DF, and TR are 1.49 × 10−8 mol L−1, 2.10 × 10−10 mol L−1, and 1.71 × 10−9 mol L−1, respectively. The selectivity of the aSPCE/SDS was evaluated by examination of the impact of some inorganic and organic substances that are commonly present in environmental and biological samples on the responses of PA, DF, and TR. Finally, the differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetric (DPAdSV) procedure using the aSPCE/SDS was successfully applied for the determination of PA, DF, and TR in river water and serum samples as well as pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jędrzej Kozak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Tyszczuk-Rotko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: (K.T.-R.); (M.W.)
| | - Magdalena Wójciak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: (K.T.-R.); (M.W.)
| | - Ireneusz Sowa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
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Diouf A, Aghoutane Y, Burhan H, Sen F, Bouchikhi B, El Bari N. Tramadol sensing in non-invasive biological fluids using a voltammetric electronic tongue and an electrochemical sensor based on biomimetic recognition. Int J Pharm 2020; 593:120114. [PMID: 33253800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tramadol (TRA) is a weak opioid analgesic, prescribed to relieve mild to moderately severe pain. However, side effects of TRA overdoses, including vomiting, depression, tachycardia, convulsions, morbidity and mortality are often reported. In this study, an electrochemical sensor based on molecularly imprinted conductive polymer was firstly developed for the quantitative and non-invasive detection of TRA. Secondly, a voltammetric electronic tongue (VE-Tongue) combined with chemometric methods was used for the qualitative analysis. The MIP sensor was constructed by self-assembling a poly-aniline layer coated with silver nanoparticles (PANI-AgNPs) on a screen-printed gold electrode (Au-SPE). Then, 2-amino-thiophenol was polymerised in the presence of TRA. The electronic device exhibits, under optimal conditions, responses proportional to TRA concentrations (0.01-100 µg/mL) with detection and quantification limits of 9.42 µg/mL and 28.55 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, its selectivity was proven by insignificant interferences of substances (paracetamol and citric acid). Spiked saliva and urine samples were used for the sensor practical application with a significant recovery above 90% and standard deviations below 4.5%. Besides, urine samples' analyses using VE-Tongue and pattern recognition methods show good discrimination, classification, and prediction results with scores above 95%. Correspondingly, both electro-analytical devices could be viable for monitoring drugs in biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alassane Diouf
- Biosensors and Nanotechnology Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University of Meknes, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, 50003 Meknes, Morocco; Sensor Electronic & Instrumentation Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University of Meknes, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Youssra Aghoutane
- Biosensors and Nanotechnology Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University of Meknes, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, 50003 Meknes, Morocco; Sensor Electronic & Instrumentation Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University of Meknes, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Hakan Burhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Kutahya Dumlupinar University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Fatih Sen
- Department of Biochemistry, Kutahya Dumlupinar University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Benachir Bouchikhi
- Sensor Electronic & Instrumentation Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University of Meknes, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Nezha El Bari
- Biosensors and Nanotechnology Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University of Meknes, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, 50003 Meknes, Morocco.
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Jahromi Z, Mirzaei E, Savardashtaki A, Afzali M, Afzali Z. A rapid and selective electrochemical sensor based on electrospun carbon nanofibers for tramadol detection. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Kolahi-Ahari S, Deiminiat B, Rounaghi GH. Modification of a pencil graphite electrode with multiwalled carbon nanotubes capped gold nanoparticles for electrochemical determination of tramadol. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.113996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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