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Wang B, Xu XL, Zhang MY, Bu XM, Wang HL, Shi XZ, Xu X, Chen D. A fully green sample preparation method for synthetic antioxidants determination in edible oils based on natural feather fiber-supported liquid extraction. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1698:464004. [PMID: 37094539 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
The current study proposed a novel feather fiber-supported liquid extraction (FF-SLE) method for extracting analytes from oil samples. The natural feather fibers were used as the oil support material and directly loaded in the plastic tube of a disposable syringe to construct the low-cost extraction device (∼0.5 CNY). The edible oil without any pretreatment including dilution was added directly to the extraction device, followed by the addition of the green extraction solvent of ethanol. As an example, the proposed method was applied to extract nine synthetic antioxidants from edible oils. The optimized extraction conditions for processing 0.5 g of oil were obtained when the syringe dimension was 5 mL, the extraction solvent was 0.5 mL of ethanol, the amount of feather fibers was 200 mg of duck feather fibers and the static extraction time was 10 min. The applications to seven kinds of feathers and seven kinds of edible oils all indicated the excellent oil removal efficiencies (>98.0%). Combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet, a quantification method was validated with satisfied linearity (R2≥0.994), accuracy (95.8-114.6%) and precision (≤8.3%) with the limits of detection ranging from 50 to 100 ng/g. The proposed FF-SLE method was simple, effective, convenient, low-cost, green and environmental-friendly for the extraction of analytes from oil samples prior to instrument analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45001, China
| | - Xin-Li Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45001, China
| | - Man-Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45001, China
| | - Xin-Miao Bu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45001, China
| | - Hong-Lei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45001, China
| | - Xue-Zhong Shi
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xia Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45001, China; Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 45001, China.
| | - Di Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45001, China; Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 45001, China.
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Detection of Synthetic Antioxidants: What Factors Affect the Efficiency in the Chromatographic Analysis and in the Electrochemical Analysis? MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27207137. [PMID: 36296730 PMCID: PMC9611030 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidants are food additives largely employed to inhibit oxidative reactions in foodstuffs rich in oils and fat lipids, extending the shelf life of foodstuffs and inhibiting alterations in color, flavor, smell, and loss of nutritional value. However, various research has demonstrated that the inadequate use of synthetic antioxidants results in environmental and health problems due to the fact that some of these compounds present toxicity, and their presence in the human body, in high concentrations, is related to the development of some cancer types and other diseases. Therefore, the development of analytical methods for identifying and quantifying synthetic antioxidants in foodstuffs is fundamental to quality control and in ensuring consumer food safety. This review describes the recent chromatographic and electrochemical techniques used in the detection of synthetic phenolic antioxidants in foodstuffs, highlighting the main characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of these methods, and specific typical features, which include extraction methods for sample preparation and materials used in the working electrode construction, considering chromatographic and voltammetric methods, since these specific features influence the efficiency in the analysis.
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Wang H, Liu X, Tu M, Xu X, Yang S, Chen D. Current Sample Preparation Methods and Analytical Techniques for the Determination of Synthetic Antioxidants in Edible Oils. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3874-3886. [PMID: 35984364 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic antioxidants play a critical role in the storage and process of edible oil due to that they can retard lipid oxidation, maintain the quality of oils, and prolong the shelf life. However, a series of studies have proved the potential risks of synthetic antioxidants for human health when consumed in excess, and many countries have established the permitted amounts of synthetic antioxidants in oils. Thus, the accurate quantification of synthetic antioxidants in edible oils is necessary, and there have developed various analytical methods involved in chromatographical, electrochemical, and spectroscopic methods. Owing to the complex matrix and the incompatibility between the oil sample and the detection instrument, sample preparation is usually adopted prior to the instrument detection to improve the detection effectiveness. The current review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the recently developed sample preparation methods and analytical techniques applied to determine synthetic antioxidants in edible oils from 2010 to present, with emphasis on the sample preparation methods combined with separation-based analytical techniques such CE and LC with various detectors. The advantages and limitations of some typical analytical methods are discussed and some insights in the future perspectives are also provided in this review. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Menglin Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xia Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.,Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Sen Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.,Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Di Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.,Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Khongkla S, Phonchai A, Nurerk P, Bunkoed O. A hierarchical composite ZnO@Carbon foam/PVA cryogel sorbent for the extraction and enrichment of parabens and synthetic phenolic antioxidant in fruit juice. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Nurerk P, Bunkoed O, Jullakan S, Khongkla S, Llompart M, Poorahong S. A dumbbell-shaped stir bar made from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-coated porous cryogel incorporating metal organic frameworks for the extraction of synthetic phenolic antioxidants in foodstuffs. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462497. [PMID: 34487884 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A dumbbell-shaped stir bar adsorbent of MIL-101 entrapped in PVA cryogel coated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) was fabricated to extract synthetic phenolic antioxidants in foodstuffs. The interconnected porous of cryogel allowed the entrapment of MIL-101 and enhanced the surface areas of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) coating which facilitated multiple adsorptions. The fabricated adsorbent was characterized and measured the adsorption capacities for synthetic phenolic antioxidants. Extraction efficiency was optimized by evaluating the effect of adsorbent compositions, extraction time, stirring speed, sample pH, desorption conditions, sample volume and ionic strength. The analysis of extracted synthetic phenolic antioxidants was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography. The developed analysis method provided a wide linear range of 0.20 - 200 µg kg-1 for butylated hydroxyanisole and 0.50 - 200 µg kg-1 for tert‑butylhydroquinone and butylated hydroxytoluene. The limits of detection were between 0.05 and 0.15 µg kg-1. The developed stir bar adsorbent was utilized to extract these three synthetic phenolic antioxidants from juice, milk, infant formula and coffee creamer. Recoveries ranged from 87 to 101% with RSDs below 7%. The developed composite stir bar adsorbent was convenient to use, and good physical and chemical stability allowed efficient extraction for 12 extraction cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyaluk Nurerk
- Functional Materials and Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, School of Science, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; CRETUS Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Opas Bunkoed
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Sirintorn Jullakan
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Khongkla
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Maria Llompart
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sujittra Poorahong
- Functional Materials and Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, School of Science, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
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Faraji M, Shirani M, Rashidi-Nodeh H. The recent advances in magnetic sorbents and their applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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