Surface modified polypropylene membranes for treating hydraulic fracturing produced waters by membrane distillation

Designing Electric Field Responsive Ultrafiltration Membranes by Controlled Grafting of Poly (Ionic Liquid) Brush

Electric responsive membranes have been prepared by controlled surface grafting of poly (ionic liquid) (PIL) on the commercially available regenerated cellulose ultrafiltration membrane. The incorporation of imidazolium ring on membrane surface was evidenced by FTIR (Fourier transformed infra-red) and EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray) spectroscopy. The PIL grafting resultedin a rougher surface, reduction in pore size, and enhancement in hydrophilicity. The interaction of the electric field between the charged PIL brush and the oscillating external electric field leads to micromixing, and hence it is proposed to break the concentration polarization. This micromixing improves the antifouling properties of the responsive membranes. The local perturbation was found to decrease the water flux, while it enhanced protein rejection. At a higher frequency (1kHz) of the applied electric field, the localized heating predominates compared to micromixing. In the case of a lower frequency of the applied electric field, more perturbation can lead to less permeability, whereas it will have a better effect in breaking the concentration polarization. However, during localized heating at a higher frequency, though perturbation is less, a heating induced reduction in permeability was observed. The electric field response of the membrane was found to be reversible in nature, and hence has no memory effect.