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Rodent Models of Audiogenic Epilepsy: Genetic Aspects, Advantages, Current Problems and Perspectives. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112934. [PMID: 36428502 PMCID: PMC9687921 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of epilepsy are of great importance in epileptology. They are used to study the mechanisms of epileptogenesis, and search for new genes and regulatory pathways involved in the development of epilepsy as well as screening new antiepileptic drugs. Today, many methods of modeling epilepsy in animals are used, including electroconvulsive, pharmacological in intact animals, and genetic, with the predisposition for spontaneous or refractory epileptic seizures. Due to the simplicity of manipulation and universality, genetic models of audiogenic epilepsy in rodents stand out among this diversity. We tried to combine data on the genetics of audiogenic epilepsy in rodents, the relevance of various models of audiogenic epilepsy to certain epileptic syndromes in humans, and the advantages of using of rodent strains predisposed to audiogenic epilepsy in current epileptology.
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Wang Y, Wei P, Yan F, Luo Y, Zhao G. Animal Models of Epilepsy: A Phenotype-oriented Review. Aging Dis 2022; 13:215-231. [PMID: 35111370 PMCID: PMC8782545 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a serious neurological disorder characterized by abnormal, recurrent, and synchronous discharges in the brain. Long-term recurrent seizure attacks can cause serious damage to brain function, which is usually observed in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Controlling seizure attacks is vital for the treatment and prognosis of epilepsy. Animal models, such as the kindling model, which was the most widely used model in the past, allow the understanding of the potential epileptogenic mechanisms and selection of antiepileptic drugs. In recent years, various animal models of epilepsy have been established to mimic different seizure types, without clear merits and demerits. Accordingly, this review provides a summary of the views mentioned above, aiming to provide a reference for animal model selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Wang
- 2Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Penghu Wei
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,4Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Yan
- 2Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yumin Luo
- 2Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,3Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,4Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoguang Zhao
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,3Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,4Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Bazhanova E, Kozlov A. Mechanisms of apoptosis in drug-resistant epilepsy. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:43-50. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212205143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chuvakova LN, Funikov SY, Rezvykh AP, Davletshin AI, Evgen'ev MB, Litvinova SA, Fedotova IB, Poletaeva II, Garbuz DG. Transcriptome of the Krushinsky-Molodkina Audiogenic Rat Strain and Identification of Possible Audiogenic Epilepsy-Associated Genes. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:738930. [PMID: 34803604 PMCID: PMC8600260 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.738930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Audiogenic epilepsy (AE), inherent to several rodent strains is widely studied as a model of generalized convulsive epilepsy. The molecular mechanisms that determine the manifestation of AE are not well understood. In the present work, we compared transcriptomes from the corpora quadrigemina in the midbrain zone, which are crucial for AE development, to identify genes associated with the AE phenotype. Three rat strains without sound exposure were compared: Krushinsky-Molodkina (KM) strain (100% AE-prone); Wistar outbred rat strain (non-AE prone) and “0” strain (partially AE-prone), selected from F2 KM × Wistar hybrids for their lack of AE. The findings showed that the KM strain gene expression profile exhibited a number of characteristics that differed from those of the Wistar and “0” strain profiles. In particular, the KM rats showed increased expression of a number of genes involved in the positive regulation of the MAPK signaling cascade and genes involved in the positive regulation of apoptotic processes. Another characteristic of the KM strain which differed from that of the Wistar and “0” rats was a multi-fold increase in the expression level of the Ttr gene and a significant decrease in the expression of the Msh3 gene. Decreased expression of a number of oxidative phosphorylation-related genes and a few other genes was also identified in the KM strain. Our data confirm the complex multigenic nature of AE inheritance in rodents. A comparison with data obtained from other independently selected AE-prone rodent strains suggests some common causes for the formation of the audiogenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubov N Chuvakova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei Yu Funikov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander P Rezvykh
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Artem I Davletshin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael B Evgen'ev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - David G Garbuz
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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ERK1/2 kinases and dopamine D2 receptors participate in the anticonvulsant effects of a new derivative of benzoylpyridine oxime and valproic acid. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 903:174150. [PMID: 33961874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) induced by the activation of the dopamine D2 receptor signalling cascade may be a promising pharmacological target. The aim of this work was to study the involvement of ERK1/2 and dopamine D2 receptor in the mechanism of the anticonvulsant action of valproic acid (VA) and a new benzoylpyridine oxime derivative (GIZH-298), which showed antiepileptic activity in different models of epilepsy. We showed that subchronic exposure to maximal electroshock seizures (MES) for 5 days reduced the density of dopamine D2 receptors in the striatum of mice. GIZH-298 counteracted the decrease in the number of dopamine D2 receptors associated with MES and increased the number of ligand binding sites of dopamine D2 receptors in mice without MES. The affinity of dopamine D2 receptors to the ligand was not changed by GIZH-298. MES caused an increase in ERK1/2 and synapsin I phosphorylation in the striatum while GIZH-298, similar to VA, reduced the levels of both phospho-ERK1/2 and phosphosynapsin I after MES, which correlated with the decrease in the intensity of seizure in mice. In addition, GIZH-298 suppressed ERK1/2 phosphorylation in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells at therapeutic concentrations, while VA inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation in vivo but not in vitro. The data obtained expand the understanding of the mechanisms of action of VA and GIZH-298, which involve regulating the activity of ERK1/2 kinases, probably by modulating dopamine D2 receptors in limbic structures, as well as (in the case of GIZH-298) directly inhibiting of the ERK1/2 cascade.
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Lo AC, Rajan N, Gastaldo D, Telley L, Hilal ML, Buzzi A, Simonato M, Achsel T, Bagni C. Absence of RNA-binding protein FXR2P prevents prolonged phase of kainate-induced seizures. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51404. [PMID: 33779029 PMCID: PMC8024897 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a condition in which seizures are not self-terminating and thereby pose a serious threat to the patient's life. The molecular mechanisms underlying SE are likely heterogeneous and not well understood. Here, we reveal a role for the RNA-binding protein Fragile X-Related Protein 2 (FXR2P) in SE. Fxr2 KO mice display reduced sensitivity specifically to kainic acid-induced SE. Immunoprecipitation of FXR2P coupled to next-generation sequencing of associated mRNAs shows that FXR2P targets are enriched in genes that encode glutamatergic post-synaptic components. Of note, the FXR2P target transcriptome has a significant overlap with epilepsy and SE risk genes. In addition, Fxr2 KO mice fail to show sustained ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by KA and present reduced burst activity in the hippocampus. Taken together, our findings show that the absence of FXR2P decreases the expression of glutamatergic proteins, and this decrease might prevent self-sustained seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Lo
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas Rajan
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Denise Gastaldo
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Telley
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Muna L Hilal
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Buzzi
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Simonato
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Tilmann Achsel
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bagni
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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Deng YX, Lin JZ, Peng JH, Zhao YJ, Sui QQ, Wu XJ, Lu ZH, Gao YH, Zeng ZF, Pan ZZ. Lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio before chemoradiotherapy represents a prognostic predictor for locally advanced rectal cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:5575-5583. [PMID: 29200872 PMCID: PMC5702174 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s146697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Research indicates that cancer-triggered inflammation plays a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. Here, we aimed to evaluate the correlation of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) before neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with clinical outcomes in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). We retrospectively enrolled 317 consecutive patients with LARC between 2004 and 2013. The optimal cutoff values of LMR were determined using receiver operating curve analysis. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival related to the LMR were analyzed using the log-rank test and multivariate Cox regression methods. We found that a low LMR (≤4.91) was prominently correlated with worse prognostic features and a shorter 3-year survival rate of LARC. Moreover, multivariate Cox analysis revealed that elevated LMR was an independent factor for better OS (hazard ratio 0.538, 95% confidence interval 0.292–0.991, P=0.047). In addition, univariate logistic regression analysis showed that the LMR was not associated with tumor pathologic regression. In conclusion, LMR is identified as a valuable prognostic marker for predicting the OS of LARC patients receiving CRT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuan-Hong Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangzhou, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Fang Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangzhou, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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