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Naik R, Gupte S. Optimization of media components for enhanced carotenoid production by Paracoccus marcusii RSPO1 and assessment of their cytotoxicity against A549 and vero cells. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:764-778. [PMID: 38165781 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2282533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we tried to explore the influence of various tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates on carotenoid production and with a focus on enhancing pigment biosynthesis, we conducted two statistical analysis. In case of TCA intermediates influence on pigment production by Paracoccus marcusii RSPO1; fumaric acid, and malic acid were observed as potent enhancers of pigment biosynthesis. Further, to optimize key media components for enhanced carotenoid production, the Plackett-Burman design was employed encompassing carbon, nitrogen sources, TCA cycle intermediates, and metal salts. The selected factors after Plackett Burman were fine-tuned through Response Surface Methodology and the optimal concentrations that have remarkably elevated carotenoid production were starch-2.24 g/l, MgSO4-0.416 g/l, ZnSO4-0.0157 g/l, and fumaric Acid-16 mM. Further, evaluation of pigment cytotoxicity against normal (Vero) and Non-Small Cell Carcinoma (A549) cells was performed. The resultant IC50 values were quantified as 161.3 µg/ml and 7.623 µg/ml for Vero and A549 cells, respectively. Moreover, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) determination study in A549 cells was done which have shown a noteworthy threefold ROS production in A549 cells through fluorescence spectroscopic observation. This implies that the bacterial carotenoids can act as potent pro-oxidants against cancerous cells while being nontoxic toward normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Naik
- Department of Microbiology, Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study and Research in Biotechnology and Allied Science (ARIBAS), CVM University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Shilpa Gupte
- Department of Microbiology, Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study and Research in Biotechnology and Allied Science (ARIBAS), CVM University, Anand, Gujarat, India
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Çetiner BG, Terzi MY. Effect of Glucose Starvation on Cell Viability Parameters in A549 and BEAS-2B Cell Lines. CYTOL GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452722010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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3
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Sun L, Yin Y, Clark LH, Sun W, Sullivan SA, Tran AQ, Han J, Zhang L, Guo H, Madugu E, Pan T, Jackson AL, Kilgore J, Jones HM, Gilliam TP, Zhou C, Bae-Jump VL. Dual inhibition of glycolysis and glutaminolysis as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:63551-63561. [PMID: 28969010 PMCID: PMC5609942 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell metabolism is required to support the biosynthetic demands of cell growth and cell division, and to maintain reduction oxidaton (redox) homeostasis. This study was designed to test the effects of glucose and glutamine on ovarian cancer cell growth and explore the inter-relationship between glycolysis and glutaminolysis. The SKOV3, IGROV-1 and Hey ovarian cancer cell lines were assayed for glucose, pyruvate and glutamine dependence by analyzing cytotoxicity, cell cycle progression, apoptosis and ATP production. As determined by MTT assay, glucose stimulated cell growth while the combination of glucose, glutamine and pyruvate resulted in the greatest stimulation of cell proliferation. Furthermore, 2-deoxy-glucose (2-DG) and 3-bromopyruvate (3-BP) induced apoptosis, caused G1 phase cell cycle arrest and reduced glycolytic activity. Moreover, 2-DG in combination with a low dose of aminooxyacetate (AOA) synergistically increased the sensitivity to 2-DG in the inhibition of cell growth in the ovarian cancer cell lines. These studies suggest that dual inhibition of glycolysis and glutaminolysis may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yajie Yin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.,School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Leslie H Clark
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wenchuan Sun
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie A Sullivan
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Arthur-Quan Tran
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jianjun Han
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Esther Madugu
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tommy Pan
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amanda L Jackson
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joshua Kilgore
- Houston Methodist Gynecologic Oncology Associates, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hannah M Jones
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Timothy P Gilliam
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chunxiao Zhou
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Victoria L Bae-Jump
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Diaz-Aguirre V, Velez-Pardo C, Jimenez-Del-Rio M. Fructose sensitizes Jurkat cells oxidative stress-induced apoptosis via caspase-dependent and caspase-independent mechanisms. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:1162-1173. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Diaz-Aguirre
- Neuroscience Research Group; Faculty of Medicine; Medical Research Institute; University of Antioquia (UdeA); Calle 70 No. 52-21 and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412 SIU Medellin Colombia
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group; Faculty of Medicine; Medical Research Institute; University of Antioquia (UdeA); Calle 70 No. 52-21 and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412 SIU Medellin Colombia
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group; Faculty of Medicine; Medical Research Institute; University of Antioquia (UdeA); Calle 70 No. 52-21 and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412 SIU Medellin Colombia
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Doxorubicin induces apoptosis in Jurkat cells by mitochondria-dependent and mitochondria-independent mechanisms under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Anticancer Drugs 2015; 26:583-98. [PMID: 25734830 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of doxorubicin (dxr)-induced cytotoxicity on Jurkat cells - a model cell of human acute lymphoblastic leukemia - under normoxic (20% O2) and hypoxic (5% O2) conditions. Using in-cell western analysis, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry analysis, and biochemical inhibitors, we evaluated several oxidative stress (OS) and cell death markers. It was found that dxr (5-100 μmol/l) induced apoptosis by OS mechanisms involving DNA fragmentation (8-48%), loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm, 33-92%), and H2O2 production (15-42%) under normoxia. In addition, dxr (10 μmol/l) induced activation and/or nuclei translocation of NF-κB (6.6, 1.6-fold increase), p53 (4.3, 3.1 f), c-Jun (9.5, 5.0 f), apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) (1.9, 3.9 f), caspase-3 (3.7, 1.9 f), overexpression of Parkin (2.1, 1.2 f)/PINK-1 (2.1 f) proteins, and reduced DJ-1 levels by half compared with untreated cells under normoxia, according to immunofluorescence and in-cell western analysis, respectively. In contrast, dxr (10 μmol/l) could not induce apoptosis in Jurkat cells under hypoxia. Effectively, dxr significantly reduced DNA fragmentation (6%), expression levels of cell death (e.g. p53, c-Jun, caspase-3, AIF), and OS (e.g. Parkin) markers, whereas it increased ΔΨm, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α, 3.1, 2.3 f), NF-κB (6.8, 2.0 f), and DJ-1 (1.3, 1.0 f) levels. This investigation suggests that dxr might efficiently eliminate acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells by OS-induced apoptosis under normoxic conditions through a minimal completeness of cell death signaling (i.e. mitochondria-caspase-3/AIF-dependent pathways) and through a direct DNA damage process. However, hypoxic conditions may reduce the effectiveness of dxr toxicity.
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Han J, Zhang L, Guo H, Wysham WZ, Roque DR, Willson AK, Sheng X, Zhou C, Bae-Jump VL. Glucose promotes cell proliferation, glucose uptake and invasion in endometrial cancer cells via AMPK/mTOR/S6 and MAPK signaling. Gynecol Oncol 2015; 138:668-75. [PMID: 26135947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity and diabetes are well-known risk factors for the development of endometrial cancer. A high rate of aerobic glycolysis represents a key mechanism by which endometrial cancer cells consume glucose as its primary energy source. The up-regulated glycolytic pathway is a common therapeutic target whose inhibition has implications for anti-tumor activity in cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate the effect of various concentrations of glucose on cell proliferation in endometrial cancer. METHODS ECC-1 and Ishikawa cells were treated with low glucose (1mM), normal glucose (5mM) and high glucose (25mM), and cytotoxicity, apoptosis, cell cycle, adhesion/invasion, and changes of AMPK/mTOR/S6 and MAPK pathways were evaluated. RESULTS Our results revealed that high glucose increased cell growth and clonogenicity in two endometrial cancer cell lines in a dose dependent manner. Low glucose induced the activity of cleaved caspase 3 and caused cell cycle G1 arrest. High glucose increased the ability of adhesion and invasion by decreasing E-cadherin and increasing Snail expression. In addition, high glucose increased glucose uptake and glycolytic activity through modulating the AMPK/mTOR/S6 and MAPK pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that glucose stimulated cell proliferation through multiple complex signaling pathways. Targeting glucose metabolism may be a promising therapeutic strategy in the treatment of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Han
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Weiya Z Wysham
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dario R Roque
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adam K Willson
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xiugui Sheng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Chunxiao Zhou
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Victoria L Bae-Jump
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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JÓŹWIAK PAWEŁ, KRZEŚLAK ANNA, BRYŚ MAGDALENA, LIPIŃSKA ANNA. Glucose-dependent glucose transporter 1 expression and its impact on viability of thyroid cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:913-20. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Wang G, Dai L, Luo L, Xu W, Zhang C, Zhu Y, Chen Z, Hu W, Xu X, Pan W. Non-essential amino acids attenuate apoptosis of gastric cancer cells induced by glucose starvation. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:332-40. [PMID: 24858809 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy and nutrition are essential requirements for all living cells, including cancer cells. In the initiating stage of cancer in organs, cancer cells grow fast and have inadequate supplies of glucose, oxygen and other nutrients due to deficient angiogenesis. Anaerobic conditions cause cancer cells to rely on glycolysis, which produces pyruvate and ATP that can be used by cancer cells to survive. However, glucose starvation may result in apoptosis or necrosis of cancer cells. It has been reported that autophagy is a consequence of glucose starvation and that amino acids are products of autophagy. The present study investigated whether amino acids may represent an alternative energy source for cancer cells undergoing glucose starvation. With non-essential amino acids, growth inhibition and apoptosis of gastric cancer cells induced by glucose starvation were attenuated compared with that of cells undergoing glucose starvation without amino acids, as measured by cell viability, apoptosis rates, membrane potential of mitochondria, and apoptosis-related genes. Meanwhile, both mitochondrial DNA copy number and amino acid transporter genes were increased compared with those in control cells. Non-essential amino acids prevented gastric cancer cells from glucose starvation-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Lei Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Laisheng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Chenjing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Yimiao Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital Binjiang Campus, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Zhongting Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Wen Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital Binjiang Campus, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Wensheng Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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Response to rotenone is glucose-sensitive in a model of human acute lymphoblastic leukemia: involvement of oxidative stress mechanism, DJ-1, Parkin, and PINK-1 proteins. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:457154. [PMID: 24949116 PMCID: PMC4037627 DOI: 10.1155/2014/457154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
To establish the effect of low (11 mM) and high (55 mM) glucose concentrations (G11, G55) on Jurkat cells exposed to rotenone (ROT, a class 5 mitocan). We demonstrated that ROT induces apoptosis in Jurkat cells cultured in G11 by oxidative stress (OS) mechanism involving the generation of anion superoxide radical (O2∙−, 68%)/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 54%), activation of NF-κB (32%), p53 (25%), c-Jun (17%) transcription factors, and caspase-3 (28%), apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF, 36%) nuclei translocation, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, and loss of mitochondria transmembrane potential (ΔΨm, 62%) leading to nuclei fragmentation (~10% and ~40% stage I-II fragmented nuclei, resp.). ROT induces massive cytoplasmic aggregates of DJ-1 (93%), and upregulation of Parkin compared to untreated cells, but no effect on PINK-1 protein was observed. Cell death marker detection and DJ-1 and Parkin expression were significantly reduced when cells were cultured in G55 plus ROT. Remarkably, metformin sensitized Jurkat cells against ROT in G55. Our results indicate that a high-glucose milieu promotes resistance against ROT/H2O2-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Our data suggest that combined therapy by using mitochondria-targeted damaging compounds and regulation of glucose (e.g., metformin) can efficiently terminate leukemia cells via apoptosis in hyperglycemic conditions.
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Kang K, Song DG, Lee EH, Lee KM, Park YG, Jung SH, Pan CH, Nho CW. Secretome profiling reveals the signaling molecules of apoptotic HCT116 cells induced by the dietary polyacetylene gymnasterkoreayne B. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2353-2363. [PMID: 24571669 DOI: 10.1021/jf404047z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dietary polyacetylenes from various foods have been receiving attention as promising cancer chemopreventive agents. However, until now, the detailed molecular mechanism and the regulatory proteins underlying these effects have not been elucidated. We investigated the effects of gymnasterkoreayne B (GKB), a model dietary polyacetylene from wild vegetables, on the programmed cell death of HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells. GKB inhibited HCT116 cell proliferation by inducing apoptotic cell death. GKB treatment resulted in ROS accumulation, leading to the activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathway. We also found that FN1, TGFB1, APP, SERPINE1, HSPD1, SOD1, TXN, and ACTN4 may act as secretory signaling molecules during GKB-induced apoptotic cell death using LC-MS/MS identification followed by spectrum counting, statistical calculation, and gene ontology analysis. The secretory proteins suggested in this study may be promising candidates involved in apoptotic cell death of cancer cells induced by GKB that warrant further functional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsu Kang
- Functional Food Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung, Gangwon-do 210-340, Republic of Korea
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Bonilla-Porras AR, Salazar-Ospina A, Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Pereañez-Jimenez A, Velez-Pardo C. Pro-apoptotic effect of Persea americana var. Hass (avocado) on Jurkat lymphoblastic leukemia cells. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 52:458-465. [PMID: 24188375 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.842599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Context: Therapy for leukemia has a limited efficacy. There is a need to search for alternative anti-leukemia therapies. Persea americana Mill var. Hass (Lauraceae) is a tropical fruit (avocado) that might be used against cancer. Objective: To investigate whether P. americana induces death in Jurkat lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Materials and methods: Four ethanol extracts (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 mg/mL) from avocado fruit (endocarp, whole seed, seed and leaves) were analyzed against Jurkat cells. Hydrogen peroxide generation by oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate to the fluorescent compound 2',7'-dichlorfluorescein assay, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, flow cytometry analysis of annexin-V/7-amino-actinomycin, mitochondrial membrane potential and immunocytochemistry detection of transcription factor p53, caspase-3 and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) were evaluated. Results: Endocarp, seed, whole seed, and leaf (0.1 mg/mL) extracts induced significant apoptosis in Jurkat cells (p < 0.001) in an oxidative stress-dependent fashion via mitochondrial membrane depolarization (52-87%), activation of transcription factor p53 (6.3-25.4%), protease caspase-3 (8.3-20%) and predominance of AIF reactivity (20.6-36%) in all extracts. Similar results were obtained with 0.5 mg/mL extracts. However, extract ≥1 mg/mL concentration induced necrosis (100%). Conclusions: P. americana extracts function as a pro-apoptotic compound. Leukemic cells are eliminated through an oxidative stress mechanism. This study contributes to the understanding of the molecular mechanism of the avocado and its therapeutic action on leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica R Bonilla-Porras
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia , Medellín , Colombia
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